"http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/strict.dtd">
<html>
<head>
+ <meta http-equiv="Content-type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8">
<title>LLVM Programmer's Manual</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="llvm.css" type="text/css">
</head>
<ul>
<li><a href="#isa">The <tt>isa<></tt>, <tt>cast<></tt>
and <tt>dyn_cast<></tt> templates</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#string_apis">Passing strings (the <tt>StringRef</tt>
+and <tt>Twine</tt> classes)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#StringRef">The <tt>StringRef</tt> class</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#Twine">The <tt>Twine</tt> class</a> </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
<li><a href="#DEBUG">The <tt>DEBUG()</tt> macro and <tt>-debug</tt>
option</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#ViewGraph">Viewing graphs while debugging code</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
+ <li><a href="#datastructure">Picking the Right Data Structure for a Task</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#ds_sequential">Sequential Containers (std::vector, std::list, etc)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#dss_fixedarrays">Fixed Size Arrays</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_heaparrays">Heap Allocated Arrays</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_smallvector">"llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_vector"><vector></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_deque"><deque></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_list"><list></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_ilist">llvm/ADT/ilist.h</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_other">Other Sequential Container Options</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="#ds_set">Set-Like Containers (std::set, SmallSet, SetVector, etc)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#dss_sortedvectorset">A sorted 'vector'</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_smallset">"llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_smallptrset">"llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_denseset">"llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_FoldingSet">"llvm/ADT/FoldingSet.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_set"><set></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_setvector">"llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_uniquevector">"llvm/ADT/UniqueVector.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_otherset">Other Set-Like ContainerOptions</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="#ds_map">Map-Like Containers (std::map, DenseMap, etc)</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#dss_sortedvectormap">A sorted 'vector'</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_stringmap">"llvm/ADT/StringMap.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_indexedmap">"llvm/ADT/IndexedMap.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_densemap">"llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_valuemap">"llvm/ADT/ValueMap.h"</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_map"><map></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_othermap">Other Map-Like Container Options</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ <li><a href="#ds_string">String-like containers</a>
+ <!--<ul>
+ todo
+ </ul>--></li>
+ <li><a href="#ds_bit">BitVector-like containers</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#dss_bitvector">A dense bitvector</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_smallbitvector">A "small" dense bitvector</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_sparsebitvector">A sparse bitvector</a></li>
+ </ul></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
<li><a href="#common">Helpful Hints for Common Operations</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#inspection">Basic Inspection and Traversal Routines</a>
the same way</a> </li>
<li><a href="#iterate_chains">Iterating over def-use &
use-def chains</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#iterate_preds">Iterating over predecessors &
+successors of blocks</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="#simplechanges">Making simple changes</a>
<li><a href="#schanges_deleting">Deleting <tt>Instruction</tt>s</a> </li>
<li><a href="#schanges_replacing">Replacing an <tt>Instruction</tt>
with another <tt>Value</tt></a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#schanges_deletingGV">Deleting <tt>GlobalVariable</tt>s</a> </li>
</ul>
</li>
+ <li><a href="#create_types">How to Create Types</a></li>
<!--
<li>Working with the Control Flow Graph
<ul>
</ul>
</li>
+ <li><a href="#threading">Threads and LLVM</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#startmultithreaded">Entering and Exiting Multithreaded Mode
+ </a></li>
+ <li><a href="#shutdown">Ending execution with <tt>llvm_shutdown()</tt></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#managedstatic">Lazy initialization with <tt>ManagedStatic</tt></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#llvmcontext">Achieving Isolation with <tt>LLVMContext</tt></a></li>
+ <li><a href="#jitthreading">Threads and the JIT</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+
<li><a href="#advanced">Advanced Topics</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="#TypeResolve">LLVM Type Resolution</a>
<li><a href="#AbstractTypeUser">The AbstractTypeUser Class</a></li>
</ul></li>
- <li><a href="#SymbolTable">The <tt>SymbolTable</tt> class </a></li>
+ <li><a href="#SymbolTable">The <tt>ValueSymbolTable</tt> and <tt>TypeSymbolTable</tt> classes</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#UserLayout">The <tt>User</tt> and owned <tt>Use</tt> classes' memory layout</a></li>
</ul></li>
<li><a href="#coreclasses">The Core LLVM Class Hierarchy Reference</a>
<ul>
+ <li><a href="#Type">The <tt>Type</tt> class</a> </li>
+ <li><a href="#Module">The <tt>Module</tt> class</a></li>
<li><a href="#Value">The <tt>Value</tt> class</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#User">The <tt>User</tt> class</a>
<ul>
- <li><a href="#User">The <tt>User</tt> class</a>
+ <li><a href="#Instruction">The <tt>Instruction</tt> class</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Constant">The <tt>Constant</tt> class</a>
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#GlobalValue">The <tt>GlobalValue</tt> class</a>
<ul>
- <li><a href="#Instruction">The <tt>Instruction</tt> class</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="#GetElementPtrInst">The <tt>GetElementPtrInst</tt> class</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="#Module">The <tt>Module</tt> class</a></li>
- <li><a href="#Constant">The <tt>Constant</tt> class</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="#GlobalValue">The <tt>GlobalValue</tt> class</a>
- <ul>
- <li><a href="#BasicBlock">The <tt>BasicBlock</tt>class</a></li>
- <li><a href="#Function">The <tt>Function</tt> class</a></li>
- <li><a href="#GlobalVariable">The <tt>GlobalVariable</tt> class</a></li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li><a href="#Type">The <tt>Type</tt> class</a> </li>
- <li><a href="#Argument">The <tt>Argument</tt> class</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Function">The <tt>Function</tt> class</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#GlobalVariable">The <tt>GlobalVariable</tt> class</a></li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
</ul>
+ </li>
+ <li><a href="#BasicBlock">The <tt>BasicBlock</tt> class</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#Argument">The <tt>Argument</tt> class</a></li>
+ </ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<div class="doc_author">
<p>Written by <a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a>,
<a href="mailto:dhurjati@cs.uiuc.edu">Dinakar Dhurjati</a>,
- <a href="mailto:jstanley@cs.uiuc.edu">Joel Stanley</a>, and
- <a href="mailto:rspencer@x10sys.com">Reid Spencer</a></p>
+ <a href="mailto:ggreif@gmail.com">Gabor Greif</a>,
+ <a href="mailto:jstanley@cs.uiuc.edu">Joel Stanley</a>,
+ <a href="mailto:rspencer@x10sys.com">Reid Spencer</a> and
+ <a href="mailto:owen@apple.com">Owen Anderson</a></p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
standard C++ library.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.tempest-sw.com/cpp/">C++ In a Nutshell</a> - This is an
-O'Reilly book in the making. It has a decent
-Standard Library
-Reference that rivals Dinkumware's, and is unfortunately no longer free since the book has been
-published.</li>
+O'Reilly book in the making. It has a decent Standard Library
+Reference that rivals Dinkumware's, and is unfortunately no longer free since the
+book has been published.</li>
<li><a href="http://www.parashift.com/c++-faq-lite/">C++ Frequently Asked
Questions</a></li>
<dt><tt>cast<></tt>: </dt>
<dd><p>The <tt>cast<></tt> operator is a "checked cast" operation. It
- converts a pointer or reference from a base class to a derived cast, causing
+ converts a pointer or reference from a base class to a derived class, causing
an assertion failure if it is not really an instance of the right type. This
should be used in cases where you have some information that makes you believe
that something is of the right type. An example of the <tt>isa<></tt>
</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="string_apis">Passing strings (the <tt>StringRef</tt>
+and <tt>Twine</tt> classes)</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Although LLVM generally does not do much string manipulation, we do have
+several important APIs which take strings. Two important examples are the
+Value class -- which has names for instructions, functions, etc. -- and the
+StringMap class which is used extensively in LLVM and Clang.</p>
+
+<p>These are generic classes, and they need to be able to accept strings which
+may have embedded null characters. Therefore, they cannot simply take
+a <tt>const char *</tt>, and taking a <tt>const std::string&</tt> requires
+clients to perform a heap allocation which is usually unnecessary. Instead,
+many LLVM APIs use a <tt>const StringRef&</tt> or a <tt>const
+Twine&</tt> for passing strings efficiently.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="StringRef">The <tt>StringRef</tt> class</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>The <tt>StringRef</tt> data type represents a reference to a constant string
+(a character array and a length) and supports the common operations available
+on <tt>std:string</tt>, but does not require heap allocation.</p>
+
+<p>It can be implicitly constructed using a C style null-terminated string,
+an <tt>std::string</tt>, or explicitly with a character pointer and length.
+For example, the <tt>StringRef</tt> find function is declared as:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+ iterator find(const StringRef &Key);
+</div>
+
+<p>and clients can call it using any one of:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+ Map.find("foo"); <i>// Lookup "foo"</i>
+ Map.find(std::string("bar")); <i>// Lookup "bar"</i>
+ Map.find(StringRef("\0baz", 4)); <i>// Lookup "\0baz"</i>
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Similarly, APIs which need to return a string may return a <tt>StringRef</tt>
+instance, which can be used directly or converted to an <tt>std::string</tt>
+using the <tt>str</tt> member function. See
+"<tt><a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1StringRef_8h-source.html">llvm/ADT/StringRef.h</a></tt>"
+for more information.</p>
+
+<p>You should rarely use the <tt>StringRef</tt> class directly, because it contains
+pointers to external memory it is not generally safe to store an instance of the
+class (unless you know that the external storage will not be freed).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="Twine">The <tt>Twine</tt> class</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>The <tt>Twine</tt> class is an efficient way for APIs to accept concatenated
+strings. For example, a common LLVM paradigm is to name one instruction based on
+the name of another instruction with a suffix, for example:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+ New = CmpInst::Create(<i>...</i>, SO->getName() + ".cmp");
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>The <tt>Twine</tt> class is effectively a
+lightweight <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_(computer_science)">rope</a>
+which points to temporary (stack allocated) objects. Twines can be implicitly
+constructed as the result of the plus operator applied to strings (i.e., a C
+strings, an <tt>std::string</tt>, or a <tt>StringRef</tt>). The twine delays the
+actual concatenation of strings until it is actually required, at which point
+it can be efficiently rendered directly into a character array. This avoids
+unnecessary heap allocation involved in constructing the temporary results of
+string concatenation. See
+"<tt><a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Twine_8h-source.html">llvm/ADT/Twine.h</a></tt>"
+for more information.</p>
+
+<p>As with a <tt>StringRef</tt>, <tt>Twine</tt> objects point to external memory
+and should almost never be stored or mentioned directly. They are intended
+solely for use when defining a function which should be able to efficiently
+accept concatenated strings.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="DEBUG">The <tt>DEBUG()</tt> macro and <tt>-debug</tt> option</a>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-DOUT << "I am here!\n";
+DEBUG(errs() << "I am here!\n");
</pre>
</div>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-DOUT << "No debug type\n";
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
+DEBUG(errs() << "No debug type\n");
#define DEBUG_TYPE "foo"
-DOUT << "'foo' debug type\n";
+DEBUG(errs() << "'foo' debug type\n");
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE "bar"
-DOUT << "'bar' debug type\n";
+DEBUG(errs() << "'bar' debug type\n"));
#undef DEBUG_TYPE
#define DEBUG_TYPE ""
-DOUT << "No debug type (2)\n";
+DEBUG(errs() << "No debug type (2)\n");
</pre>
</div>
for instruction scheduling to be enabled with <tt>-debug-type=InstrSched</tt>,
even if the source lives in multiple files.</p>
+<p>The <tt>DEBUG_WITH_TYPE</tt> macro is also available for situations where you
+would like to set <tt>DEBUG_TYPE</tt>, but only for one specific <tt>DEBUG</tt>
+statement. It takes an additional first parameter, which is the type to use. For
+example, the preceding example could be written as:</p>
+
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+DEBUG_WITH_TYPE("", errs() << "No debug type\n");
+DEBUG_WITH_TYPE("foo", errs() << "'foo' debug type\n");
+DEBUG_WITH_TYPE("bar", errs() << "'bar' debug type\n"));
+DEBUG_WITH_TYPE("", errs() << "No debug type (2)\n");
+</pre>
+</div>
+
</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<p>The <tt>STATISTIC</tt> macro defines a static variable, whose name is
specified by the first argument. The pass name is taken from the DEBUG_TYPE
macro, and the description is taken from the second argument. The variable
- defined ("NumXForms" in this case) acts like an unsigned int.</p></li>
+ defined ("NumXForms" in this case) acts like an unsigned integer.</p></li>
<li><p>Whenever you make a transformation, bump the counter:</p>
</pre>
</div>
- <p> When running <tt>gccas</tt> on a C file from the SPEC benchmark
+ <p> When running <tt>opt</tt> on a C file from the SPEC benchmark
suite, it gives a report that looks like this:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
- 7646 bytecodewriter - Number of normal instructions
- 725 bytecodewriter - Number of oversized instructions
- 129996 bytecodewriter - Number of bytecode bytes written
+ 7646 bitcodewriter - Number of normal instructions
+ 725 bitcodewriter - Number of oversized instructions
+ 129996 bitcodewriter - Number of bitcode bytes written
2817 raise - Number of insts DCEd or constprop'd
3213 raise - Number of cast-of-self removed
5046 raise - Number of expression trees converted
toolkit, and make sure 'dot' and 'gv' are in your path. If you are running on
Mac OS/X, download and install the Mac OS/X <a
href="http://www.pixelglow.com/graphviz/">Graphviz program</a>, and add
-<tt>/Applications/Graphviz.app/Contents/MacOS/</tt> (or whereever you install
+<tt>/Applications/Graphviz.app/Contents/MacOS/</tt> (or wherever you install
it) to your path. Once in your system and path are set up, rerun the LLVM
configure script and rebuild LLVM to enable this functionality.</p>
<p><tt>SelectionDAG</tt> has been extended to make it easier to locate
<i>interesting</i> nodes in large complex graphs. From gdb, if you
<tt>call DAG.setGraphColor(<i>node</i>, "<i>color</i>")</tt>, then the
-next <tt>call DAG.viewGraph()</tt> would hilight the node in the
+next <tt>call DAG.viewGraph()</tt> would highlight the node in the
specified color (choices of colors can be found at <a
-href="http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/colors.html">Colors<a>.) More
+href="http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/colors.html">colors</a>.) More
complex node attributes can be provided with <tt>call
DAG.setGraphAttrs(<i>node</i>, "<i>attributes</i>")</tt> (choices can be
found at <a href="http://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/attrs.html">Graph
</div>
-
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_section">
- <a name="common">Helpful Hints for Common Operations</a>
+ <a name="datastructure">Picking the Right Data Structure for a Task</a>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
<div class="doc_text">
-<p>This section describes how to perform some very simple transformations of
-LLVM code. This is meant to give examples of common idioms used, showing the
-practical side of LLVM transformations. <p> Because this is a "how-to" section,
-you should also read about the main classes that you will be working with. The
-<a href="#coreclasses">Core LLVM Class Hierarchy Reference</a> contains details
-and descriptions of the main classes that you should know about.</p>
+<p>LLVM has a plethora of data structures in the <tt>llvm/ADT/</tt> directory,
+ and we commonly use STL data structures. This section describes the trade-offs
+ you should consider when you pick one.</p>
+
+<p>
+The first step is a choose your own adventure: do you want a sequential
+container, a set-like container, or a map-like container? The most important
+thing when choosing a container is the algorithmic properties of how you plan to
+access the container. Based on that, you should use:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li>a <a href="#ds_map">map-like</a> container if you need efficient look-up
+ of an value based on another value. Map-like containers also support
+ efficient queries for containment (whether a key is in the map). Map-like
+ containers generally do not support efficient reverse mapping (values to
+ keys). If you need that, use two maps. Some map-like containers also
+ support efficient iteration through the keys in sorted order. Map-like
+ containers are the most expensive sort, only use them if you need one of
+ these capabilities.</li>
+
+<li>a <a href="#ds_set">set-like</a> container if you need to put a bunch of
+ stuff into a container that automatically eliminates duplicates. Some
+ set-like containers support efficient iteration through the elements in
+ sorted order. Set-like containers are more expensive than sequential
+ containers.
+</li>
+
+<li>a <a href="#ds_sequential">sequential</a> container provides
+ the most efficient way to add elements and keeps track of the order they are
+ added to the collection. They permit duplicates and support efficient
+ iteration, but do not support efficient look-up based on a key.
+</li>
+
+<li>a <a href="#ds_string">string</a> container is a specialized sequential
+ container or reference structure that is used for character or byte
+ arrays.</li>
+
+<li>a <a href="#ds_bit">bit</a> container provides an efficient way to store and
+ perform set operations on sets of numeric id's, while automatically
+ eliminating duplicates. Bit containers require a maximum of 1 bit for each
+ identifier you want to store.
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+<p>
+Once the proper category of container is determined, you can fine tune the
+memory use, constant factors, and cache behaviors of access by intelligently
+picking a member of the category. Note that constant factors and cache behavior
+can be a big deal. If you have a vector that usually only contains a few
+elements (but could contain many), for example, it's much better to use
+<a href="#dss_smallvector">SmallVector</a> than <a href="#dss_vector">vector</a>
+. Doing so avoids (relatively) expensive malloc/free calls, which dwarf the
+cost of adding the elements to the container. </p>
</div>
-<!-- NOTE: this section should be heavy on example code -->
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
- <a name="inspection">Basic Inspection and Traversal Routines</a>
+ <a name="ds_sequential">Sequential Containers (std::vector, std::list, etc)</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
-
-<p>The LLVM compiler infrastructure have many different data structures that may
-be traversed. Following the example of the C++ standard template library, the
-techniques used to traverse these various data structures are all basically the
-same. For a enumerable sequence of values, the <tt>XXXbegin()</tt> function (or
-method) returns an iterator to the start of the sequence, the <tt>XXXend()</tt>
-function returns an iterator pointing to one past the last valid element of the
-sequence, and there is some <tt>XXXiterator</tt> data type that is common
-between the two operations.</p>
-
-<p>Because the pattern for iteration is common across many different aspects of
-the program representation, the standard template library algorithms may be used
-on them, and it is easier to remember how to iterate. First we show a few common
-examples of the data structures that need to be traversed. Other data
-structures are traversed in very similar ways.</p>
-
+There are a variety of sequential containers available for you, based on your
+needs. Pick the first in this section that will do what you want.
</div>
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="iterate_function">Iterating over the </a><a
- href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a>s in a <a
- href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>
+ <a name="dss_fixedarrays">Fixed Size Arrays</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
-
-<p>It's quite common to have a <tt>Function</tt> instance that you'd like to
-transform in some way; in particular, you'd like to manipulate its
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s. To facilitate this, you'll need to iterate over all of
-the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s that constitute the <tt>Function</tt>. The following is
-an example that prints the name of a <tt>BasicBlock</tt> and the number of
-<tt>Instruction</tt>s it contains:</p>
-
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-// <i>func is a pointer to a Function instance</i>
-for (Function::iterator i = func->begin(), e = func->end(); i != e; ++i)
- // <i>Print out the name of the basic block if it has one, and then the</i>
- // <i>number of instructions that it contains</i>
- llvm::cerr << "Basic block (name=" << i->getName() << ") has "
- << i->size() << " instructions.\n";
-</pre>
+<p>Fixed size arrays are very simple and very fast. They are good if you know
+exactly how many elements you have, or you have a (low) upper bound on how many
+you have.</p>
</div>
-<p>Note that i can be used as if it were a pointer for the purposes of
-invoking member functions of the <tt>Instruction</tt> class. This is
-because the indirection operator is overloaded for the iterator
-classes. In the above code, the expression <tt>i->size()</tt> is
-exactly equivalent to <tt>(*i).size()</tt> just like you'd expect.</p>
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_heaparrays">Heap Allocated Arrays</a>
+</div>
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>Heap allocated arrays (new[] + delete[]) are also simple. They are good if
+the number of elements is variable, if you know how many elements you will need
+before the array is allocated, and if the array is usually large (if not,
+consider a <a href="#dss_smallvector">SmallVector</a>). The cost of a heap
+allocated array is the cost of the new/delete (aka malloc/free). Also note that
+if you are allocating an array of a type with a constructor, the constructor and
+destructors will be run for every element in the array (re-sizable vectors only
+construct those elements actually used).</p>
</div>
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="iterate_basicblock">Iterating over the </a><a
- href="#Instruction"><tt>Instruction</tt></a>s in a <a
- href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a>
+ <a name="dss_smallvector">"llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h"</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>SmallVector<Type, N></tt> is a simple class that looks and smells
+just like <tt>vector<Type></tt>:
+it supports efficient iteration, lays out elements in memory order (so you can
+do pointer arithmetic between elements), supports efficient push_back/pop_back
+operations, supports efficient random access to its elements, etc.</p>
-<p>Just like when dealing with <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s in <tt>Function</tt>s, it's
-easy to iterate over the individual instructions that make up
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s. Here's a code snippet that prints out each instruction in
-a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
+<p>The advantage of SmallVector is that it allocates space for
+some number of elements (N) <b>in the object itself</b>. Because of this, if
+the SmallVector is dynamically smaller than N, no malloc is performed. This can
+be a big win in cases where the malloc/free call is far more expensive than the
+code that fiddles around with the elements.</p>
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-// <i>blk is a pointer to a BasicBlock instance</i>
-for (BasicBlock::iterator i = blk->begin(), e = blk->end(); i != e; ++i)
- // <i>The next statement works since operator<<(ostream&,...)</i>
- // <i>is overloaded for Instruction&</i>
- llvm::cerr << *i << "\n";
-</pre>
-</div>
+<p>This is good for vectors that are "usually small" (e.g. the number of
+predecessors/successors of a block is usually less than 8). On the other hand,
+this makes the size of the SmallVector itself large, so you don't want to
+allocate lots of them (doing so will waste a lot of space). As such,
+SmallVectors are most useful when on the stack.</p>
-<p>However, this isn't really the best way to print out the contents of a
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt>! Since the ostream operators are overloaded for virtually
-anything you'll care about, you could have just invoked the print routine on the
-basic block itself: <tt>llvm::cerr << *blk << "\n";</tt>.</p>
+<p>SmallVector also provides a nice portable and efficient replacement for
+<tt>alloca</tt>.</p>
</div>
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="iterate_institer">Iterating over the </a><a
- href="#Instruction"><tt>Instruction</tt></a>s in a <a
- href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>
+ <a name="dss_vector"><vector></a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+std::vector is well loved and respected. It is useful when SmallVector isn't:
+when the size of the vector is often large (thus the small optimization will
+rarely be a benefit) or if you will be allocating many instances of the vector
+itself (which would waste space for elements that aren't in the container).
+vector is also useful when interfacing with code that expects vectors :).
+</p>
-<p>If you're finding that you commonly iterate over a <tt>Function</tt>'s
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s and then that <tt>BasicBlock</tt>'s <tt>Instruction</tt>s,
-<tt>InstIterator</tt> should be used instead. You'll need to include <a
-href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html"><tt>llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</tt></a>,
-and then instantiate <tt>InstIterator</tt>s explicitly in your code. Here's a
-small example that shows how to dump all instructions in a function to the standard error stream:<p>
+<p>One worthwhile note about std::vector: avoid code like this:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-#include "<a href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html">llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</a>"
-
-// <i>F is a ptr to a Function instance</i>
-for (inst_iterator i = inst_begin(F), e = inst_end(F); i != e; ++i)
- llvm::cerr << *i << "\n";
+for ( ... ) {
+ std::vector<foo> V;
+ use V;
+}
</pre>
</div>
-<p>Easy, isn't it? You can also use <tt>InstIterator</tt>s to fill a
-worklist with its initial contents. For example, if you wanted to
-initialize a worklist to contain all instructions in a <tt>Function</tt>
-F, all you would need to do is something like:</p>
+<p>Instead, write this as:</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-std::set<Instruction*> worklist;
-worklist.insert(inst_begin(F), inst_end(F));
+std::vector<foo> V;
+for ( ... ) {
+ use V;
+ V.clear();
+}
</pre>
</div>
-<p>The STL set <tt>worklist</tt> would now contain all instructions in the
-<tt>Function</tt> pointed to by F.</p>
+<p>Doing so will save (at least) one heap allocation and free per iteration of
+the loop.</p>
</div>
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="iterate_convert">Turning an iterator into a class pointer (and
- vice-versa)</a>
+ <a name="dss_deque"><deque></a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
+<p>std::deque is, in some senses, a generalized version of std::vector. Like
+std::vector, it provides constant time random access and other similar
+properties, but it also provides efficient access to the front of the list. It
+does not guarantee continuity of elements within memory.</p>
-<p>Sometimes, it'll be useful to grab a reference (or pointer) to a class
-instance when all you've got at hand is an iterator. Well, extracting
-a reference or a pointer from an iterator is very straight-forward.
-Assuming that <tt>i</tt> is a <tt>BasicBlock::iterator</tt> and <tt>j</tt>
-is a <tt>BasicBlock::const_iterator</tt>:</p>
+<p>In exchange for this extra flexibility, std::deque has significantly higher
+constant factor costs than std::vector. If possible, use std::vector or
+something cheaper.</p>
+</div>
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-Instruction& inst = *i; // <i>Grab reference to instruction reference</i>
-Instruction* pinst = &*i; // <i>Grab pointer to instruction reference</i>
-const Instruction& inst = *j;
-</pre>
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_list"><list></a>
</div>
-<p>However, the iterators you'll be working with in the LLVM framework are
-special: they will automatically convert to a ptr-to-instance type whenever they
-need to. Instead of dereferencing the iterator and then taking the address of
-the result, you can simply assign the iterator to the proper pointer type and
-you get the dereference and address-of operation as a result of the assignment
-(behind the scenes, this is a result of overloading casting mechanisms). Thus
-the last line of the last example,</p>
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>std::list is an extremely inefficient class that is rarely useful.
+It performs a heap allocation for every element inserted into it, thus having an
+extremely high constant factor, particularly for small data types. std::list
+also only supports bidirectional iteration, not random access iteration.</p>
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-Instruction* pinst = &*i;
-</pre>
+<p>In exchange for this high cost, std::list supports efficient access to both
+ends of the list (like std::deque, but unlike std::vector or SmallVector). In
+addition, the iterator invalidation characteristics of std::list are stronger
+than that of a vector class: inserting or removing an element into the list does
+not invalidate iterator or pointers to other elements in the list.</p>
</div>
-<p>is semantically equivalent to</p>
-
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-Instruction* pinst = i;
-</pre>
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_ilist">llvm/ADT/ilist.h</a>
</div>
-<p>It's also possible to turn a class pointer into the corresponding iterator,
-and this is a constant time operation (very efficient). The following code
-snippet illustrates use of the conversion constructors provided by LLVM
-iterators. By using these, you can explicitly grab the iterator of something
-without actually obtaining it via iteration over some structure:</p>
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>ilist<T></tt> implements an 'intrusive' doubly-linked list. It is
+intrusive, because it requires the element to store and provide access to the
+prev/next pointers for the list.</p>
+
+<p><tt>ilist</tt> has the same drawbacks as <tt>std::list</tt>, and additionally
+requires an <tt>ilist_traits</tt> implementation for the element type, but it
+provides some novel characteristics. In particular, it can efficiently store
+polymorphic objects, the traits class is informed when an element is inserted or
+removed from the list, and <tt>ilist</tt>s are guaranteed to support a
+constant-time splice operation.</p>
+
+<p>These properties are exactly what we want for things like
+<tt>Instruction</tt>s and basic blocks, which is why these are implemented with
+<tt>ilist</tt>s.</p>
+
+Related classes of interest are explained in the following subsections:
+ <ul>
+ <li><a href="#dss_ilist_traits">ilist_traits</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_iplist">iplist</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_ilist_node">llvm/ADT/ilist_node.h</a></li>
+ <li><a href="#dss_ilist_sentinel">Sentinels</a></li>
+ </ul>
+</div>
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-void printNextInstruction(Instruction* inst) {
- BasicBlock::iterator it(inst);
- ++it; // <i>After this line, it refers to the instruction after *inst</i>
- if (it != inst->getParent()->end()) llvm::cerr << *it << "\n";
-}
-</pre>
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_ilist_traits">ilist_traits</a>
</div>
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>ilist_traits<T></tt> is <tt>ilist<T></tt>'s customization
+mechanism. <tt>iplist<T></tt> (and consequently <tt>ilist<T></tt>)
+publicly derive from this traits class.</p>
</div>
-<!--_______________________________________________________________________-->
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="iterate_complex">Finding call sites: a slightly more complex
- example</a>
+ <a name="dss_iplist">iplist</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>iplist<T></tt> is <tt>ilist<T></tt>'s base and as such
+supports a slightly narrower interface. Notably, inserters from
+<tt>T&</tt> are absent.</p>
-<p>Say that you're writing a FunctionPass and would like to count all the
-locations in the entire module (that is, across every <tt>Function</tt>) where a
-certain function (i.e., some <tt>Function</tt>*) is already in scope. As you'll
-learn later, you may want to use an <tt>InstVisitor</tt> to accomplish this in a
-much more straight-forward manner, but this example will allow us to explore how
-you'd do it if you didn't have <tt>InstVisitor</tt> around. In pseudocode, this
-is what we want to do:</p>
-
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-initialize callCounter to zero
-for each Function f in the Module
- for each BasicBlock b in f
- for each Instruction i in b
- if (i is a CallInst and calls the given function)
- increment callCounter
-</pre>
+<p><tt>ilist_traits<T></tt> is a public base of this class and can be
+used for a wide variety of customizations.</p>
</div>
-<p>And the actual code is (remember, because we're writing a
-<tt>FunctionPass</tt>, our <tt>FunctionPass</tt>-derived class simply has to
-override the <tt>runOnFunction</tt> method):</p>
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_ilist_node">llvm/ADT/ilist_node.h</a>
+</div>
-<div class="doc_code">
-<pre>
-Function* targetFunc = ...;
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>ilist_node<T></tt> implements a the forward and backward links
+that are expected by the <tt>ilist<T></tt> (and analogous containers)
+in the default manner.</p>
-class OurFunctionPass : public FunctionPass {
- public:
- OurFunctionPass(): callCounter(0) { }
+<p><tt>ilist_node<T></tt>s are meant to be embedded in the node type
+<tt>T</tt>, usually <tt>T</tt> publicly derives from
+<tt>ilist_node<T></tt>.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_ilist_sentinel">Sentinels</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>ilist</tt>s have another specialty that must be considered. To be a good
+citizen in the C++ ecosystem, it needs to support the standard container
+operations, such as <tt>begin</tt> and <tt>end</tt> iterators, etc. Also, the
+<tt>operator--</tt> must work correctly on the <tt>end</tt> iterator in the
+case of non-empty <tt>ilist</tt>s.</p>
+
+<p>The only sensible solution to this problem is to allocate a so-called
+<i>sentinel</i> along with the intrusive list, which serves as the <tt>end</tt>
+iterator, providing the back-link to the last element. However conforming to the
+C++ convention it is illegal to <tt>operator++</tt> beyond the sentinel and it
+also must not be dereferenced.</p>
+
+<p>These constraints allow for some implementation freedom to the <tt>ilist</tt>
+how to allocate and store the sentinel. The corresponding policy is dictated
+by <tt>ilist_traits<T></tt>. By default a <tt>T</tt> gets heap-allocated
+whenever the need for a sentinel arises.</p>
+
+<p>While the default policy is sufficient in most cases, it may break down when
+<tt>T</tt> does not provide a default constructor. Also, in the case of many
+instances of <tt>ilist</tt>s, the memory overhead of the associated sentinels
+is wasted. To alleviate the situation with numerous and voluminous
+<tt>T</tt>-sentinels, sometimes a trick is employed, leading to <i>ghostly
+sentinels</i>.</p>
+
+<p>Ghostly sentinels are obtained by specially-crafted <tt>ilist_traits<T></tt>
+which superpose the sentinel with the <tt>ilist</tt> instance in memory. Pointer
+arithmetic is used to obtain the sentinel, which is relative to the
+<tt>ilist</tt>'s <tt>this</tt> pointer. The <tt>ilist</tt> is augmented by an
+extra pointer, which serves as the back-link of the sentinel. This is the only
+field in the ghostly sentinel which can be legally accessed.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_other">Other Sequential Container options</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>Other STL containers are available, such as std::string.</p>
+
+<p>There are also various STL adapter classes such as std::queue,
+std::priority_queue, std::stack, etc. These provide simplified access to an
+underlying container but don't affect the cost of the container itself.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="ds_set">Set-Like Containers (std::set, SmallSet, SetVector, etc)</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Set-like containers are useful when you need to canonicalize multiple values
+into a single representation. There are several different choices for how to do
+this, providing various trade-offs.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_sortedvectorset">A sorted 'vector'</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>If you intend to insert a lot of elements, then do a lot of queries, a
+great approach is to use a vector (or other sequential container) with
+std::sort+std::unique to remove duplicates. This approach works really well if
+your usage pattern has these two distinct phases (insert then query), and can be
+coupled with a good choice of <a href="#ds_sequential">sequential container</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This combination provides the several nice properties: the result data is
+contiguous in memory (good for cache locality), has few allocations, is easy to
+address (iterators in the final vector are just indices or pointers), and can be
+efficiently queried with a standard binary or radix search.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_smallset">"llvm/ADT/SmallSet.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>If you have a set-like data structure that is usually small and whose elements
+are reasonably small, a <tt>SmallSet<Type, N></tt> is a good choice. This set
+has space for N elements in place (thus, if the set is dynamically smaller than
+N, no malloc traffic is required) and accesses them with a simple linear search.
+When the set grows beyond 'N' elements, it allocates a more expensive representation that
+guarantees efficient access (for most types, it falls back to std::set, but for
+pointers it uses something far better, <a
+href="#dss_smallptrset">SmallPtrSet</a>).</p>
+
+<p>The magic of this class is that it handles small sets extremely efficiently,
+but gracefully handles extremely large sets without loss of efficiency. The
+drawback is that the interface is quite small: it supports insertion, queries
+and erasing, but does not support iteration.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_smallptrset">"llvm/ADT/SmallPtrSet.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>SmallPtrSet has all the advantages of SmallSet (and a SmallSet of pointers is
+transparently implemented with a SmallPtrSet), but also supports iterators. If
+more than 'N' insertions are performed, a single quadratically
+probed hash table is allocated and grows as needed, providing extremely
+efficient access (constant time insertion/deleting/queries with low constant
+factors) and is very stingy with malloc traffic.</p>
+
+<p>Note that, unlike std::set, the iterators of SmallPtrSet are invalidated
+whenever an insertion occurs. Also, the values visited by the iterators are not
+visited in sorted order.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_denseset">"llvm/ADT/DenseSet.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+DenseSet is a simple quadratically probed hash table. It excels at supporting
+small values: it uses a single allocation to hold all of the pairs that
+are currently inserted in the set. DenseSet is a great way to unique small
+values that are not simple pointers (use <a
+href="#dss_smallptrset">SmallPtrSet</a> for pointers). Note that DenseSet has
+the same requirements for the value type that <a
+href="#dss_densemap">DenseMap</a> has.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_FoldingSet">"llvm/ADT/FoldingSet.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+FoldingSet is an aggregate class that is really good at uniquing
+expensive-to-create or polymorphic objects. It is a combination of a chained
+hash table with intrusive links (uniqued objects are required to inherit from
+FoldingSetNode) that uses <a href="#dss_smallvector">SmallVector</a> as part of
+its ID process.</p>
+
+<p>Consider a case where you want to implement a "getOrCreateFoo" method for
+a complex object (for example, a node in the code generator). The client has a
+description of *what* it wants to generate (it knows the opcode and all the
+operands), but we don't want to 'new' a node, then try inserting it into a set
+only to find out it already exists, at which point we would have to delete it
+and return the node that already exists.
+</p>
+
+<p>To support this style of client, FoldingSet perform a query with a
+FoldingSetNodeID (which wraps SmallVector) that can be used to describe the
+element that we want to query for. The query either returns the element
+matching the ID or it returns an opaque ID that indicates where insertion should
+take place. Construction of the ID usually does not require heap traffic.</p>
+
+<p>Because FoldingSet uses intrusive links, it can support polymorphic objects
+in the set (for example, you can have SDNode instances mixed with LoadSDNodes).
+Because the elements are individually allocated, pointers to the elements are
+stable: inserting or removing elements does not invalidate any pointers to other
+elements.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_set"><set></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p><tt>std::set</tt> is a reasonable all-around set class, which is decent at
+many things but great at nothing. std::set allocates memory for each element
+inserted (thus it is very malloc intensive) and typically stores three pointers
+per element in the set (thus adding a large amount of per-element space
+overhead). It offers guaranteed log(n) performance, which is not particularly
+fast from a complexity standpoint (particularly if the elements of the set are
+expensive to compare, like strings), and has extremely high constant factors for
+lookup, insertion and removal.</p>
+
+<p>The advantages of std::set are that its iterators are stable (deleting or
+inserting an element from the set does not affect iterators or pointers to other
+elements) and that iteration over the set is guaranteed to be in sorted order.
+If the elements in the set are large, then the relative overhead of the pointers
+and malloc traffic is not a big deal, but if the elements of the set are small,
+std::set is almost never a good choice.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_setvector">"llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>LLVM's SetVector<Type> is an adapter class that combines your choice of
+a set-like container along with a <a href="#ds_sequential">Sequential
+Container</a>. The important property
+that this provides is efficient insertion with uniquing (duplicate elements are
+ignored) with iteration support. It implements this by inserting elements into
+both a set-like container and the sequential container, using the set-like
+container for uniquing and the sequential container for iteration.
+</p>
+
+<p>The difference between SetVector and other sets is that the order of
+iteration is guaranteed to match the order of insertion into the SetVector.
+This property is really important for things like sets of pointers. Because
+pointer values are non-deterministic (e.g. vary across runs of the program on
+different machines), iterating over the pointers in the set will
+not be in a well-defined order.</p>
+
+<p>
+The drawback of SetVector is that it requires twice as much space as a normal
+set and has the sum of constant factors from the set-like container and the
+sequential container that it uses. Use it *only* if you need to iterate over
+the elements in a deterministic order. SetVector is also expensive to delete
+elements out of (linear time), unless you use it's "pop_back" method, which is
+faster.
+</p>
+
+<p>SetVector is an adapter class that defaults to using std::vector and std::set
+for the underlying containers, so it is quite expensive. However,
+<tt>"llvm/ADT/SetVector.h"</tt> also provides a SmallSetVector class, which
+defaults to using a SmallVector and SmallSet of a specified size. If you use
+this, and if your sets are dynamically smaller than N, you will save a lot of
+heap traffic.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_uniquevector">"llvm/ADT/UniqueVector.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+UniqueVector is similar to <a href="#dss_setvector">SetVector</a>, but it
+retains a unique ID for each element inserted into the set. It internally
+contains a map and a vector, and it assigns a unique ID for each value inserted
+into the set.</p>
+
+<p>UniqueVector is very expensive: its cost is the sum of the cost of
+maintaining both the map and vector, it has high complexity, high constant
+factors, and produces a lot of malloc traffic. It should be avoided.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_otherset">Other Set-Like Container Options</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+The STL provides several other options, such as std::multiset and the various
+"hash_set" like containers (whether from C++ TR1 or from the SGI library). We
+never use hash_set and unordered_set because they are generally very expensive
+(each insertion requires a malloc) and very non-portable.
+</p>
+
+<p>std::multiset is useful if you're not interested in elimination of
+duplicates, but has all the drawbacks of std::set. A sorted vector (where you
+don't delete duplicate entries) or some other approach is almost always
+better.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="ds_map">Map-Like Containers (std::map, DenseMap, etc)</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+Map-like containers are useful when you want to associate data to a key. As
+usual, there are a lot of different ways to do this. :)
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_sortedvectormap">A sorted 'vector'</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+If your usage pattern follows a strict insert-then-query approach, you can
+trivially use the same approach as <a href="#dss_sortedvectorset">sorted vectors
+for set-like containers</a>. The only difference is that your query function
+(which uses std::lower_bound to get efficient log(n) lookup) should only compare
+the key, not both the key and value. This yields the same advantages as sorted
+vectors for sets.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_stringmap">"llvm/ADT/StringMap.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+Strings are commonly used as keys in maps, and they are difficult to support
+efficiently: they are variable length, inefficient to hash and compare when
+long, expensive to copy, etc. StringMap is a specialized container designed to
+cope with these issues. It supports mapping an arbitrary range of bytes to an
+arbitrary other object.</p>
+
+<p>The StringMap implementation uses a quadratically-probed hash table, where
+the buckets store a pointer to the heap allocated entries (and some other
+stuff). The entries in the map must be heap allocated because the strings are
+variable length. The string data (key) and the element object (value) are
+stored in the same allocation with the string data immediately after the element
+object. This container guarantees the "<tt>(char*)(&Value+1)</tt>" points
+to the key string for a value.</p>
+
+<p>The StringMap is very fast for several reasons: quadratic probing is very
+cache efficient for lookups, the hash value of strings in buckets is not
+recomputed when lookup up an element, StringMap rarely has to touch the
+memory for unrelated objects when looking up a value (even when hash collisions
+happen), hash table growth does not recompute the hash values for strings
+already in the table, and each pair in the map is store in a single allocation
+(the string data is stored in the same allocation as the Value of a pair).</p>
+
+<p>StringMap also provides query methods that take byte ranges, so it only ever
+copies a string if a value is inserted into the table.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_indexedmap">"llvm/ADT/IndexedMap.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+IndexedMap is a specialized container for mapping small dense integers (or
+values that can be mapped to small dense integers) to some other type. It is
+internally implemented as a vector with a mapping function that maps the keys to
+the dense integer range.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This is useful for cases like virtual registers in the LLVM code generator: they
+have a dense mapping that is offset by a compile-time constant (the first
+virtual register ID).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_densemap">"llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+DenseMap is a simple quadratically probed hash table. It excels at supporting
+small keys and values: it uses a single allocation to hold all of the pairs that
+are currently inserted in the map. DenseMap is a great way to map pointers to
+pointers, or map other small types to each other.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There are several aspects of DenseMap that you should be aware of, however. The
+iterators in a densemap are invalidated whenever an insertion occurs, unlike
+map. Also, because DenseMap allocates space for a large number of key/value
+pairs (it starts with 64 by default), it will waste a lot of space if your keys
+or values are large. Finally, you must implement a partial specialization of
+DenseMapInfo for the key that you want, if it isn't already supported. This
+is required to tell DenseMap about two special marker values (which can never be
+inserted into the map) that it needs internally.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_valuemap">"llvm/ADT/ValueMap.h"</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+ValueMap is a wrapper around a <a href="#dss_densemap">DenseMap</a> mapping
+Value*s (or subclasses) to another type. When a Value is deleted or RAUW'ed,
+ValueMap will update itself so the new version of the key is mapped to the same
+value, just as if the key were a WeakVH. You can configure exactly how this
+happens, and what else happens on these two events, by passing
+a <code>Config</code> parameter to the ValueMap template.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_map"><map></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+std::map has similar characteristics to <a href="#dss_set">std::set</a>: it uses
+a single allocation per pair inserted into the map, it offers log(n) lookup with
+an extremely large constant factor, imposes a space penalty of 3 pointers per
+pair in the map, etc.</p>
+
+<p>std::map is most useful when your keys or values are very large, if you need
+to iterate over the collection in sorted order, or if you need stable iterators
+into the map (i.e. they don't get invalidated if an insertion or deletion of
+another element takes place).</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_othermap">Other Map-Like Container Options</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+The STL provides several other options, such as std::multimap and the various
+"hash_map" like containers (whether from C++ TR1 or from the SGI library). We
+never use hash_set and unordered_set because they are generally very expensive
+(each insertion requires a malloc) and very non-portable.</p>
+
+<p>std::multimap is useful if you want to map a key to multiple values, but has
+all the drawbacks of std::map. A sorted vector or some other approach is almost
+always better.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="ds_string">String-like containers</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+TODO: const char* vs stringref vs smallstring vs std::string. Describe twine,
+xref to #string_apis.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="ds_bit">Bit storage containers (BitVector, SparseBitVector)</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>Unlike the other containers, there are only two bit storage containers, and
+choosing when to use each is relatively straightforward.</p>
+
+<p>One additional option is
+<tt>std::vector<bool></tt>: we discourage its use for two reasons 1) the
+implementation in many common compilers (e.g. commonly available versions of
+GCC) is extremely inefficient and 2) the C++ standards committee is likely to
+deprecate this container and/or change it significantly somehow. In any case,
+please don't use it.</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_bitvector">BitVector</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p> The BitVector container provides a dynamic size set of bits for manipulation.
+It supports individual bit setting/testing, as well as set operations. The set
+operations take time O(size of bitvector), but operations are performed one word
+at a time, instead of one bit at a time. This makes the BitVector very fast for
+set operations compared to other containers. Use the BitVector when you expect
+the number of set bits to be high (IE a dense set).
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_smallbitvector">SmallBitVector</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p> The SmallBitVector container provides the same interface as BitVector, but
+it is optimized for the case where only a small number of bits, less than
+25 or so, are needed. It also transparently supports larger bit counts, but
+slightly less efficiently than a plain BitVector, so SmallBitVector should
+only be used when larger counts are rare.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At this time, SmallBitVector does not support set operations (and, or, xor),
+and its operator[] does not provide an assignable lvalue.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="dss_sparsebitvector">SparseBitVector</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p> The SparseBitVector container is much like BitVector, with one major
+difference: Only the bits that are set, are stored. This makes the
+SparseBitVector much more space efficient than BitVector when the set is sparse,
+as well as making set operations O(number of set bits) instead of O(size of
+universe). The downside to the SparseBitVector is that setting and testing of random bits is O(N), and on large SparseBitVectors, this can be slower than BitVector. In our implementation, setting or testing bits in sorted order
+(either forwards or reverse) is O(1) worst case. Testing and setting bits within 128 bits (depends on size) of the current bit is also O(1). As a general statement, testing/setting bits in a SparseBitVector is O(distance away from last set bit).
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+<div class="doc_section">
+ <a name="common">Helpful Hints for Common Operations</a>
+</div>
+<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>This section describes how to perform some very simple transformations of
+LLVM code. This is meant to give examples of common idioms used, showing the
+practical side of LLVM transformations. <p> Because this is a "how-to" section,
+you should also read about the main classes that you will be working with. The
+<a href="#coreclasses">Core LLVM Class Hierarchy Reference</a> contains details
+and descriptions of the main classes that you should know about.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- NOTE: this section should be heavy on example code -->
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="inspection">Basic Inspection and Traversal Routines</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>The LLVM compiler infrastructure have many different data structures that may
+be traversed. Following the example of the C++ standard template library, the
+techniques used to traverse these various data structures are all basically the
+same. For a enumerable sequence of values, the <tt>XXXbegin()</tt> function (or
+method) returns an iterator to the start of the sequence, the <tt>XXXend()</tt>
+function returns an iterator pointing to one past the last valid element of the
+sequence, and there is some <tt>XXXiterator</tt> data type that is common
+between the two operations.</p>
+
+<p>Because the pattern for iteration is common across many different aspects of
+the program representation, the standard template library algorithms may be used
+on them, and it is easier to remember how to iterate. First we show a few common
+examples of the data structures that need to be traversed. Other data
+structures are traversed in very similar ways.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="iterate_function">Iterating over the </a><a
+ href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a>s in a <a
+ href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>It's quite common to have a <tt>Function</tt> instance that you'd like to
+transform in some way; in particular, you'd like to manipulate its
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s. To facilitate this, you'll need to iterate over all of
+the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s that constitute the <tt>Function</tt>. The following is
+an example that prints the name of a <tt>BasicBlock</tt> and the number of
+<tt>Instruction</tt>s it contains:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+// <i>func is a pointer to a Function instance</i>
+for (Function::iterator i = func->begin(), e = func->end(); i != e; ++i)
+ // <i>Print out the name of the basic block if it has one, and then the</i>
+ // <i>number of instructions that it contains</i>
+ errs() << "Basic block (name=" << i->getName() << ") has "
+ << i->size() << " instructions.\n";
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Note that i can be used as if it were a pointer for the purposes of
+invoking member functions of the <tt>Instruction</tt> class. This is
+because the indirection operator is overloaded for the iterator
+classes. In the above code, the expression <tt>i->size()</tt> is
+exactly equivalent to <tt>(*i).size()</tt> just like you'd expect.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="iterate_basicblock">Iterating over the </a><a
+ href="#Instruction"><tt>Instruction</tt></a>s in a <a
+ href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Just like when dealing with <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s in <tt>Function</tt>s, it's
+easy to iterate over the individual instructions that make up
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s. Here's a code snippet that prints out each instruction in
+a <tt>BasicBlock</tt>:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+// <i>blk is a pointer to a BasicBlock instance</i>
+for (BasicBlock::iterator i = blk->begin(), e = blk->end(); i != e; ++i)
+ // <i>The next statement works since operator<<(ostream&,...)</i>
+ // <i>is overloaded for Instruction&</i>
+ errs() << *i << "\n";
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>However, this isn't really the best way to print out the contents of a
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt>! Since the ostream operators are overloaded for virtually
+anything you'll care about, you could have just invoked the print routine on the
+basic block itself: <tt>errs() << *blk << "\n";</tt>.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="iterate_institer">Iterating over the </a><a
+ href="#Instruction"><tt>Instruction</tt></a>s in a <a
+ href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>If you're finding that you commonly iterate over a <tt>Function</tt>'s
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt>s and then that <tt>BasicBlock</tt>'s <tt>Instruction</tt>s,
+<tt>InstIterator</tt> should be used instead. You'll need to include <a
+href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html"><tt>llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</tt></a>,
+and then instantiate <tt>InstIterator</tt>s explicitly in your code. Here's a
+small example that shows how to dump all instructions in a function to the standard error stream:<p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+#include "<a href="/doxygen/InstIterator_8h-source.html">llvm/Support/InstIterator.h</a>"
+
+// <i>F is a pointer to a Function instance</i>
+for (inst_iterator I = inst_begin(F), E = inst_end(F); I != E; ++I)
+ errs() << *I << "\n";
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Easy, isn't it? You can also use <tt>InstIterator</tt>s to fill a
+work list with its initial contents. For example, if you wanted to
+initialize a work list to contain all instructions in a <tt>Function</tt>
+F, all you would need to do is something like:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+std::set<Instruction*> worklist;
+// or better yet, SmallPtrSet<Instruction*, 64> worklist;
+
+for (inst_iterator I = inst_begin(F), E = inst_end(F); I != E; ++I)
+ worklist.insert(&*I);
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>The STL set <tt>worklist</tt> would now contain all instructions in the
+<tt>Function</tt> pointed to by F.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="iterate_convert">Turning an iterator into a class pointer (and
+ vice-versa)</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Sometimes, it'll be useful to grab a reference (or pointer) to a class
+instance when all you've got at hand is an iterator. Well, extracting
+a reference or a pointer from an iterator is very straight-forward.
+Assuming that <tt>i</tt> is a <tt>BasicBlock::iterator</tt> and <tt>j</tt>
+is a <tt>BasicBlock::const_iterator</tt>:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+Instruction& inst = *i; // <i>Grab reference to instruction reference</i>
+Instruction* pinst = &*i; // <i>Grab pointer to instruction reference</i>
+const Instruction& inst = *j;
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>However, the iterators you'll be working with in the LLVM framework are
+special: they will automatically convert to a ptr-to-instance type whenever they
+need to. Instead of dereferencing the iterator and then taking the address of
+the result, you can simply assign the iterator to the proper pointer type and
+you get the dereference and address-of operation as a result of the assignment
+(behind the scenes, this is a result of overloading casting mechanisms). Thus
+the last line of the last example,</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+Instruction *pinst = &*i;
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>is semantically equivalent to</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+Instruction *pinst = i;
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>It's also possible to turn a class pointer into the corresponding iterator,
+and this is a constant time operation (very efficient). The following code
+snippet illustrates use of the conversion constructors provided by LLVM
+iterators. By using these, you can explicitly grab the iterator of something
+without actually obtaining it via iteration over some structure:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+void printNextInstruction(Instruction* inst) {
+ BasicBlock::iterator it(inst);
+ ++it; // <i>After this line, it refers to the instruction after *inst</i>
+ if (it != inst->getParent()->end()) errs() << *it << "\n";
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<!--_______________________________________________________________________-->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="iterate_complex">Finding call sites: a slightly more complex
+ example</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Say that you're writing a FunctionPass and would like to count all the
+locations in the entire module (that is, across every <tt>Function</tt>) where a
+certain function (i.e., some <tt>Function</tt>*) is already in scope. As you'll
+learn later, you may want to use an <tt>InstVisitor</tt> to accomplish this in a
+much more straight-forward manner, but this example will allow us to explore how
+you'd do it if you didn't have <tt>InstVisitor</tt> around. In pseudo-code, this
+is what we want to do:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+initialize callCounter to zero
+for each Function f in the Module
+ for each BasicBlock b in f
+ for each Instruction i in b
+ if (i is a CallInst and calls the given function)
+ increment callCounter
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>And the actual code is (remember, because we're writing a
+<tt>FunctionPass</tt>, our <tt>FunctionPass</tt>-derived class simply has to
+override the <tt>runOnFunction</tt> method):</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+Function* targetFunc = ...;
+
+class OurFunctionPass : public FunctionPass {
+ public:
+ OurFunctionPass(): callCounter(0) { }
virtual runOnFunction(Function& F) {
for (Function::iterator b = F.begin(), be = F.end(); b != be; ++b) {
- for (BasicBlock::iterator i = b->begin(); ie = b->end(); i != ie; ++i) {
+ for (BasicBlock::iterator i = b->begin(), ie = b->end(); i != ie; ++i) {
if (<a href="#CallInst">CallInst</a>* callInst = <a href="#isa">dyn_cast</a><<a
href="#CallInst">CallInst</a>>(&*i)) {
// <i>We know we've encountered a call instruction, so we</i>
// <i>need to determine if it's a call to the</i>
- // <i>function pointed to by m_func or not</i>
-
+ // <i>function pointed to by m_func or not.</i>
if (callInst->getCalledFunction() == targetFunc)
++callCounter;
}
}
private:
- unsigned callCounter;
+ unsigned callCounter;
};
</pre>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p>Frequently, we might have an instance of the <a
-href="/doxygen/structllvm_1_1Value.html">Value Class</a> and we want to
+href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Value.html">Value Class</a> and we want to
determine which <tt>User</tt>s use the <tt>Value</tt>. The list of all
<tt>User</tt>s of a particular <tt>Value</tt> is called a <i>def-use</i> chain.
For example, let's say we have a <tt>Function*</tt> named <tt>F</tt> to a
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-Function* F = ...;
+Function *F = ...;
for (Value::use_iterator i = F->use_begin(), e = F->use_end(); i != e; ++i)
if (Instruction *Inst = dyn_cast<Instruction>(*i)) {
- llvm::cerr << "F is used in instruction:\n";
- llvm::cerr << *Inst << "\n";
+ errs() << "F is used in instruction:\n";
+ errs() << *Inst << "\n";
}
</pre>
</div>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-Instruction* pi = ...;
+Instruction *pi = ...;
for (User::op_iterator i = pi->op_begin(), e = pi->op_end(); i != e; ++i) {
- Value* v = *i;
+ Value *v = *i;
// <i>...</i>
}
</pre>
</div>
+<!--_______________________________________________________________________-->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="iterate_preds">Iterating over predecessors &
+successors of blocks</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Iterating over the predecessors and successors of a block is quite easy
+with the routines defined in <tt>"llvm/Support/CFG.h"</tt>. Just use code like
+this to iterate over all predecessors of BB:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+#include "llvm/Support/CFG.h"
+BasicBlock *BB = ...;
+
+for (pred_iterator PI = pred_begin(BB), E = pred_end(BB); PI != E; ++PI) {
+ BasicBlock *Pred = *PI;
+ // <i>...</i>
+}
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>Similarly, to iterate over successors use
+succ_iterator/succ_begin/succ_end.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="simplechanges">Making simple changes</a>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-AllocaInst* ai = new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy);
+AllocaInst* ai = new AllocaInst(Type::Int32Ty);
</pre>
</div>
<p>will create an <tt>AllocaInst</tt> instance that represents the allocation of
-one integer in the current stack frame, at runtime. Each <tt>Instruction</tt>
+one integer in the current stack frame, at run time. Each <tt>Instruction</tt>
subclass is likely to have varying default parameters which change the semantics
of the instruction, so refer to the <a
href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Instruction.html">doxygen documentation for the subclass of
associated with the results of instructions! By supplying a value for the
<tt>Name</tt> (default) parameter of the <tt>Instruction</tt> constructor, you
associate a logical name with the result of the instruction's execution at
-runtime. For example, say that I'm writing a transformation that dynamically
+run time. For example, say that I'm writing a transformation that dynamically
allocates space for an integer on the stack, and that integer is going to be
used as some kind of index by some other code. To accomplish this, I place an
<tt>AllocaInst</tt> at the first point in the first <tt>BasicBlock</tt> of some
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-AllocaInst* pa = new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy, 0, "indexLoc");
+AllocaInst* pa = new AllocaInst(Type::Int32Ty, 0, "indexLoc");
</pre>
</div>
<p>where <tt>indexLoc</tt> is now the logical name of the instruction's
-execution value, which is a pointer to an integer on the runtime stack.</p>
+execution value, which is a pointer to an integer on the run time stack.</p>
<p><i>Inserting instructions</i></p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
<a href="#Instruction">Instruction</a> *I = .. ;
-<a href="#BasicBlock">BasicBlock</a> *BB = I->getParent();
-
-BB->getInstList().erase(I);
+I->eraseFromParent();
</pre>
</div>
<ul>
<li><tt>ReplaceInstWithValue</tt>
- <p>This function replaces all uses (within a basic block) of a given
- instruction with a value, and then removes the original instruction. The
- following example illustrates the replacement of the result of a particular
+ <p>This function replaces all uses of a given instruction with a value,
+ and then removes the original instruction. The following example
+ illustrates the replacement of the result of a particular
<tt>AllocaInst</tt> that allocates memory for a single integer with a null
pointer to an integer.</p>
BasicBlock::iterator ii(instToReplace);
ReplaceInstWithValue(instToReplace->getParent()->getInstList(), ii,
- Constant::getNullValue(PointerType::get(Type::IntTy)));
+ Constant::getNullValue(PointerType::getUnqual(Type::Int32Ty)));
</pre></div></li>
<li><tt>ReplaceInstWithInst</tt>
<p>This function replaces a particular instruction with another
- instruction. The following example illustrates the replacement of one
- <tt>AllocaInst</tt> with another.</p>
+ instruction, inserting the new instruction into the basic block at the
+ location where the old instruction was, and replacing any uses of the old
+ instruction with the new instruction. The following example illustrates
+ the replacement of one <tt>AllocaInst</tt> with another.</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
AllocaInst* instToReplace = ...;
BasicBlock::iterator ii(instToReplace);
-ReplaceInstWithInst(instToReplace->getParent()->getInstList(), ii,
- new AllocaInst(Type::IntTy, 0, "ptrToReplacedInt"));
-</pre></div></li>
-</ul>
+ReplaceInstWithInst(instToReplace->getParent()->getInstList(), ii,
+ new AllocaInst(Type::Int32Ty, 0, "ptrToReplacedInt"));
+</pre></div></li>
+</ul>
+
+<p><i>Replacing multiple uses of <tt>User</tt>s and <tt>Value</tt>s</i></p>
+
+<p>You can use <tt>Value::replaceAllUsesWith</tt> and
+<tt>User::replaceUsesOfWith</tt> to change more than one use at a time. See the
+doxygen documentation for the <a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Value.html">Value Class</a>
+and <a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1User.html">User Class</a>, respectively, for more
+information.</p>
+
+<!-- Value::replaceAllUsesWith User::replaceUsesOfWith Point out:
+include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/ especially BasicBlockUtils.h with:
+ReplaceInstWithValue, ReplaceInstWithInst -->
+
+</div>
+
+<!--_______________________________________________________________________-->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="schanges_deletingGV">Deleting <tt>GlobalVariable</tt>s</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>Deleting a global variable from a module is just as easy as deleting an
+Instruction. First, you must have a pointer to the global variable that you wish
+ to delete. You use this pointer to erase it from its parent, the module.
+ For example:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+<a href="#GlobalVariable">GlobalVariable</a> *GV = .. ;
+
+GV->eraseFromParent();
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="create_types">How to Create Types</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>In generating IR, you may need some complex types. If you know these types
+statically, you can use <tt>TypeBuilder<...>::get()</tt>, defined
+in <tt>llvm/Support/TypeBuilder.h</tt>, to retrieve them. <tt>TypeBuilder</tt>
+has two forms depending on whether you're building types for cross-compilation
+or native library use. <tt>TypeBuilder<T, true></tt> requires
+that <tt>T</tt> be independent of the host environment, meaning that it's built
+out of types from
+the <a href="/doxygen/namespacellvm_1_1types.html"><tt>llvm::types</tt></a>
+namespace and pointers, functions, arrays, etc. built of
+those. <tt>TypeBuilder<T, false></tt> additionally allows native C types
+whose size may depend on the host compiler. For example,</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+FunctionType *ft = TypeBuilder<types::i<8>(types::i<32>*), true>::get();
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>is easier to read and write than the equivalent</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+std::vector<const Type*> params;
+params.push_back(PointerType::getUnqual(Type::Int32Ty));
+FunctionType *ft = FunctionType::get(Type::Int8Ty, params, false);
+</pre>
+</div>
+
+<p>See the <a href="/doxygen/TypeBuilder_8h-source.html#l00001">class
+comment</a> for more details.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+<div class="doc_section">
+ <a name="threading">Threads and LLVM</a>
+</div>
+<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+This section describes the interaction of the LLVM APIs with multithreading,
+both on the part of client applications, and in the JIT, in the hosted
+application.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that LLVM's support for multithreading is still relatively young. Up
+through version 2.5, the execution of threaded hosted applications was
+supported, but not threaded client access to the APIs. While this use case is
+now supported, clients <em>must</em> adhere to the guidelines specified below to
+ensure proper operation in multithreaded mode.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that, on Unix-like platforms, LLVM requires the presence of GCC's atomic
+intrinsics in order to support threaded operation. If you need a
+multhreading-capable LLVM on a platform without a suitably modern system
+compiler, consider compiling LLVM and LLVM-GCC in single-threaded mode, and
+using the resultant compiler to build a copy of LLVM with multithreading
+support.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="startmultithreaded">Entering and Exiting Multithreaded Mode</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+In order to properly protect its internal data structures while avoiding
+excessive locking overhead in the single-threaded case, the LLVM must intialize
+certain data structures necessary to provide guards around its internals. To do
+so, the client program must invoke <tt>llvm_start_multithreaded()</tt> before
+making any concurrent LLVM API calls. To subsequently tear down these
+structures, use the <tt>llvm_stop_multithreaded()</tt> call. You can also use
+the <tt>llvm_is_multithreaded()</tt> call to check the status of multithreaded
+mode.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that both of these calls must be made <em>in isolation</em>. That is to
+say that no other LLVM API calls may be executing at any time during the
+execution of <tt>llvm_start_multithreaded()</tt> or <tt>llvm_stop_multithreaded
+</tt>. It's is the client's responsibility to enforce this isolation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The return value of <tt>llvm_start_multithreaded()</tt> indicates the success or
+failure of the initialization. Failure typically indicates that your copy of
+LLVM was built without multithreading support, typically because GCC atomic
+intrinsics were not found in your system compiler. In this case, the LLVM API
+will not be safe for concurrent calls. However, it <em>will</em> be safe for
+hosting threaded applications in the JIT, though <a href="#jitthreading">care
+must be taken</a> to ensure that side exits and the like do not accidentally
+result in concurrent LLVM API calls.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="shutdown">Ending Execution with <tt>llvm_shutdown()</tt></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+When you are done using the LLVM APIs, you should call <tt>llvm_shutdown()</tt>
+to deallocate memory used for internal structures. This will also invoke
+<tt>llvm_stop_multithreaded()</tt> if LLVM is operating in multithreaded mode.
+As such, <tt>llvm_shutdown()</tt> requires the same isolation guarantees as
+<tt>llvm_stop_multithreaded()</tt>.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that, if you use scope-based shutdown, you can use the
+<tt>llvm_shutdown_obj</tt> class, which calls <tt>llvm_shutdown()</tt> in its
+destructor.
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="managedstatic">Lazy Initialization with <tt>ManagedStatic</tt></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+<tt>ManagedStatic</tt> is a utility class in LLVM used to implement static
+initialization of static resources, such as the global type tables. Before the
+invocation of <tt>llvm_shutdown()</tt>, it implements a simple lazy
+initialization scheme. Once <tt>llvm_start_multithreaded()</tt> returns,
+however, it uses double-checked locking to implement thread-safe lazy
+initialization.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Note that, because no other threads are allowed to issue LLVM API calls before
+<tt>llvm_start_multithreaded()</tt> returns, it is possible to have
+<tt>ManagedStatic</tt>s of <tt>llvm::sys::Mutex</tt>s.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The <tt>llvm_acquire_global_lock()</tt> and <tt>llvm_release_global_lock</tt>
+APIs provide access to the global lock used to implement the double-checked
+locking for lazy initialization. These should only be used internally to LLVM,
+and only if you know what you're doing!
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="llvmcontext">Achieving Isolation with <tt>LLVMContext</tt></a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+<tt>LLVMContext</tt> is an opaque class in the LLVM API which clients can use
+to operate multiple, isolated instances of LLVM concurrently within the same
+address space. For instance, in a hypothetical compile-server, the compilation
+of an individual translation unit is conceptually independent from all the
+others, and it would be desirable to be able to compile incoming translation
+units concurrently on independent server threads. Fortunately,
+<tt>LLVMContext</tt> exists to enable just this kind of scenario!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Conceptually, <tt>LLVMContext</tt> provides isolation. Every LLVM entity
+(<tt>Module</tt>s, <tt>Value</tt>s, <tt>Type</tt>s, <tt>Constant</tt>s, etc.)
+in LLVM's in-memory IR belongs to an <tt>LLVMContext</tt>. Entities in
+different contexts <em>cannot</em> interact with each other: <tt>Module</tt>s in
+different contexts cannot be linked together, <tt>Function</tt>s cannot be added
+to <tt>Module</tt>s in different contexts, etc. What this means is that is is
+safe to compile on multiple threads simultaneously, as long as no two threads
+operate on entities within the same context.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In practice, very few places in the API require the explicit specification of a
+<tt>LLVMContext</tt>, other than the <tt>Type</tt> creation/lookup APIs.
+Because every <tt>Type</tt> carries a reference to its owning context, most
+other entities can determine what context they belong to by looking at their
+own <tt>Type</tt>. If you are adding new entities to LLVM IR, please try to
+maintain this interface design.
+</p>
-<p><i>Replacing multiple uses of <tt>User</tt>s and <tt>Value</tt>s</i></p>
+<p>
+For clients that do <em>not</em> require the benefits of isolation, LLVM
+provides a convenience API <tt>getGlobalContext()</tt>. This returns a global,
+lazily initialized <tt>LLVMContext</tt> that may be used in situations where
+isolation is not a concern.
+</p>
+</div>
-<p>You can use <tt>Value::replaceAllUsesWith</tt> and
-<tt>User::replaceUsesOfWith</tt> to change more than one use at a time. See the
-doxygen documentation for the <a href="/doxygen/structllvm_1_1Value.html">Value Class</a>
-and <a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1User.html">User Class</a>, respectively, for more
-information.</p>
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="jitthreading">Threads and the JIT</a>
+</div>
-<!-- Value::replaceAllUsesWith User::replaceUsesOfWith Point out:
-include/llvm/Transforms/Utils/ especially BasicBlockUtils.h with:
-ReplaceInstWithValue, ReplaceInstWithInst -->
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+LLVM's "eager" JIT compiler is safe to use in threaded programs. Multiple
+threads can call <tt>ExecutionEngine::getPointerToFunction()</tt> or
+<tt>ExecutionEngine::runFunction()</tt> concurrently, and multiple threads can
+run code output by the JIT concurrently. The user must still ensure that only
+one thread accesses IR in a given <tt>LLVMContext</tt> while another thread
+might be modifying it. One way to do that is to always hold the JIT lock while
+accessing IR outside the JIT (the JIT <em>modifies</em> the IR by adding
+<tt>CallbackVH</tt>s). Another way is to only
+call <tt>getPointerToFunction()</tt> from the <tt>LLVMContext</tt>'s thread.
+</p>
+<p>When the JIT is configured to compile lazily (using
+<tt>ExecutionEngine::DisableLazyCompilation(false)</tt>), there is currently a
+<a href="http://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=5184">race condition</a> in
+updating call sites after a function is lazily-jitted. It's still possible to
+use the lazy JIT in a threaded program if you ensure that only one thread at a
+time can call any particular lazy stub and that the JIT lock guards any IR
+access, but we suggest using only the eager JIT in threaded programs.
+</p>
</div>
<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
difficult to handle. Fortunately, for the most part, our implementation makes
most clients able to be completely unaware of the nasty internal details. The
primary case where clients are exposed to the inner workings of it are when
-building a recursive type. In addition to this case, the LLVM bytecode reader,
+building a recursive type. In addition to this case, the LLVM bitcode reader,
assembly parser, and linker also have to be aware of the inner workings of this
system.
</p>
For our purposes below, we need three concepts. First, an "Opaque Type" is
exactly as defined in the <a href="LangRef.html#t_opaque">language
reference</a>. Second an "Abstract Type" is any type which includes an
-opaque type as part of its type graph (for example "<tt>{ opaque, int }</tt>").
-Third, a concrete type is a type that is not an abstract type (e.g. "<tt>[ int,
+opaque type as part of its type graph (for example "<tt>{ opaque, i32 }</tt>").
+Third, a concrete type is a type that is not an abstract type (e.g. "<tt>{ i32,
float }</tt>").
</p>
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-%mylist = type { %mylist*, int }
+%mylist = type { %mylist*, i32 }
</pre>
</div>
// <i>Create the initial outer struct</i>
<a href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a> StructTy = OpaqueType::get();
std::vector<const Type*> Elts;
-Elts.push_back(PointerType::get(StructTy));
-Elts.push_back(Type::IntTy);
+Elts.push_back(PointerType::getUnqual(StructTy));
+Elts.push_back(Type::Int32Ty);
StructType *NewSTy = StructType::get(Elts);
-// <i>At this point, NewSTy = "{ opaque*, int }". Tell VMCore that</i>
+// <i>At this point, NewSTy = "{ opaque*, i32 }". Tell VMCore that</i>
// <i>the struct and the opaque type are actually the same.</i>
cast<OpaqueType>(StructTy.get())-><a href="#refineAbstractTypeTo">refineAbstractTypeTo</a>(NewSTy);
This code shows the basic approach used to build recursive types: build a
non-recursive type using 'opaque', then use type unification to close the cycle.
The type unification step is performed by the <tt><a
-ref="#refineAbstractTypeTo">refineAbstractTypeTo</a></tt> method, which is
+href="#refineAbstractTypeTo">refineAbstractTypeTo</a></tt> method, which is
described next. After that, we describe the <a
href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder class</a>.
</p>
existing types, and all duplicates are deleted (to preserve pointer equality).
</p>
-<p>
-In the example above, the OpaqueType object is definitely deleted.
-Additionally, if there is an "{ \2*, int}" type already created in the system,
-the pointer and struct type created are <b>also</b> deleted. Obviously whenever
-a type is deleted, any "Type*" pointers in the program are invalidated. As
-such, it is safest to avoid having <i>any</i> "Type*" pointers to abstract types
-live across a call to <tt>refineAbstractTypeTo</tt> (note that non-abstract
-types can never move or be deleted). To deal with this, the <a
-href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a> class is used to maintain a stable
-reference to a possibly refined type, and the <a
-href="#AbstractTypeUser">AbstractTypeUser</a> class is used to update more
-complex datastructures.
-</p>
+<p>
+In the example above, the OpaqueType object is definitely deleted.
+Additionally, if there is an "{ \2*, i32}" type already created in the system,
+the pointer and struct type created are <b>also</b> deleted. Obviously whenever
+a type is deleted, any "Type*" pointers in the program are invalidated. As
+such, it is safest to avoid having <i>any</i> "Type*" pointers to abstract types
+live across a call to <tt>refineAbstractTypeTo</tt> (note that non-abstract
+types can never move or be deleted). To deal with this, the <a
+href="#PATypeHolder">PATypeHolder</a> class is used to maintain a stable
+reference to a possibly refined type, and the <a
+href="#AbstractTypeUser">AbstractTypeUser</a> class is used to update more
+complex datastructures.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="PATypeHolder">The PATypeHolder Class</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+PATypeHolder is a form of a "smart pointer" for Type objects. When VMCore
+happily goes about nuking types that become isomorphic to existing types, it
+automatically updates all PATypeHolder objects to point to the new type. In the
+example above, this allows the code to maintain a pointer to the resultant
+resolved recursive type, even though the Type*'s are potentially invalidated.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+PATypeHolder is an extremely light-weight object that uses a lazy union-find
+implementation to update pointers. For example the pointer from a Value to its
+Type is maintained by PATypeHolder objects.
+</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="AbstractTypeUser">The AbstractTypeUser Class</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<p>
+Some data structures need more to perform more complex updates when types get
+resolved. To support this, a class can derive from the AbstractTypeUser class.
+This class
+allows it to get callbacks when certain types are resolved. To register to get
+callbacks for a particular type, the DerivedType::{add/remove}AbstractTypeUser
+methods can be called on a type. Note that these methods only work for <i>
+ abstract</i> types. Concrete types (those that do not include any opaque
+objects) can never be refined.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="SymbolTable">The <tt>ValueSymbolTable</tt> and
+ <tt>TypeSymbolTable</tt> classes</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>The <tt><a href="http://llvm.org/doxygen/classllvm_1_1ValueSymbolTable.html">
+ValueSymbolTable</a></tt> class provides a symbol table that the <a
+href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> and <a href="#Module">
+<tt>Module</tt></a> classes use for naming value definitions. The symbol table
+can provide a name for any <a href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a>.
+The <tt><a href="http://llvm.org/doxygen/classllvm_1_1TypeSymbolTable.html">
+TypeSymbolTable</a></tt> class is used by the <tt>Module</tt> class to store
+names for types.</p>
+
+<p>Note that the <tt>SymbolTable</tt> class should not be directly accessed
+by most clients. It should only be used when iteration over the symbol table
+names themselves are required, which is very special purpose. Note that not
+all LLVM
+<tt><a href="#Value">Value</a></tt>s have names, and those without names (i.e. they have
+an empty name) do not exist in the symbol table.
+</p>
+
+<p>These symbol tables support iteration over the values/types in the symbol
+table with <tt>begin/end/iterator</tt> and supports querying to see if a
+specific name is in the symbol table (with <tt>lookup</tt>). The
+<tt>ValueSymbolTable</tt> class exposes no public mutator methods, instead,
+simply call <tt>setName</tt> on a value, which will autoinsert it into the
+appropriate symbol table. For types, use the Module::addTypeName method to
+insert entries into the symbol table.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="UserLayout">The <tt>User</tt> and owned <tt>Use</tt> classes' memory layout</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>The <tt><a href="http://llvm.org/doxygen/classllvm_1_1User.html">
+User</a></tt> class provides a basis for expressing the ownership of <tt>User</tt>
+towards other <tt><a href="http://llvm.org/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Value.html">
+Value</a></tt>s. The <tt><a href="http://llvm.org/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Use.html">
+Use</a></tt> helper class is employed to do the bookkeeping and to facilitate <i>O(1)</i>
+addition and removal.</p>
+
+<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="Use2User">Interaction and relationship between <tt>User</tt> and <tt>Use</tt> objects</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+A subclass of <tt>User</tt> can choose between incorporating its <tt>Use</tt> objects
+or refer to them out-of-line by means of a pointer. A mixed variant
+(some <tt>Use</tt>s inline others hung off) is impractical and breaks the invariant
+that the <tt>Use</tt> objects belonging to the same <tt>User</tt> form a contiguous array.
+</p>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+We have 2 different layouts in the <tt>User</tt> (sub)classes:
+<ul>
+<li><p>Layout a)
+The <tt>Use</tt> object(s) are inside (resp. at fixed offset) of the <tt>User</tt>
+object and there are a fixed number of them.</p>
+
+<li><p>Layout b)
+The <tt>Use</tt> object(s) are referenced by a pointer to an
+array from the <tt>User</tt> object and there may be a variable
+number of them.</p>
+</ul>
+<p>
+As of v2.4 each layout still possesses a direct pointer to the
+start of the array of <tt>Use</tt>s. Though not mandatory for layout a),
+we stick to this redundancy for the sake of simplicity.
+The <tt>User</tt> object also stores the number of <tt>Use</tt> objects it
+has. (Theoretically this information can also be calculated
+given the scheme presented below.)</p>
+<p>
+Special forms of allocation operators (<tt>operator new</tt>)
+enforce the following memory layouts:</p>
+
+<ul>
+<li><p>Layout a) is modelled by prepending the <tt>User</tt> object by the <tt>Use[]</tt> array.</p>
+
+<pre>
+...---.---.---.---.-------...
+ | P | P | P | P | User
+'''---'---'---'---'-------'''
+</pre>
+
+<li><p>Layout b) is modelled by pointing at the <tt>Use[]</tt> array.</p>
+<pre>
+.-------...
+| User
+'-------'''
+ |
+ v
+ .---.---.---.---...
+ | P | P | P | P |
+ '---'---'---'---'''
+</pre>
+</ul>
+<i>(In the above figures '<tt>P</tt>' stands for the <tt>Use**</tt> that
+ is stored in each <tt>Use</tt> object in the member <tt>Use::Prev</tt>)</i>
+
+<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="Waymarking">The waymarking algorithm</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+Since the <tt>Use</tt> objects are deprived of the direct (back)pointer to
+their <tt>User</tt> objects, there must be a fast and exact method to
+recover it. This is accomplished by the following scheme:</p>
+</div>
+
+A bit-encoding in the 2 LSBits (least significant bits) of the <tt>Use::Prev</tt> allows to find the
+start of the <tt>User</tt> object:
+<ul>
+<li><tt>00</tt> —> binary digit 0</li>
+<li><tt>01</tt> —> binary digit 1</li>
+<li><tt>10</tt> —> stop and calculate (<tt>s</tt>)</li>
+<li><tt>11</tt> —> full stop (<tt>S</tt>)</li>
+</ul>
+<p>
+Given a <tt>Use*</tt>, all we have to do is to walk till we get
+a stop and we either have a <tt>User</tt> immediately behind or
+we have to walk to the next stop picking up digits
+and calculating the offset:</p>
+<pre>
+.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.---.----------------
+| 1 | s | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | s | 1 | 1 | 0 | s | 1 | 1 | s | 1 | S | User (or User*)
+'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'---'----------------
+ |+15 |+10 |+6 |+3 |+1
+ | | | | |__>
+ | | | |__________>
+ | | |______________________>
+ | |______________________________________>
+ |__________________________________________________________>
+</pre>
+<p>
+Only the significant number of bits need to be stored between the
+stops, so that the <i>worst case is 20 memory accesses</i> when there are
+1000 <tt>Use</tt> objects associated with a <tt>User</tt>.</p>
+
+<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="ReferenceImpl">Reference implementation</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p>
+The following literate Haskell fragment demonstrates the concept:</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+> import Test.QuickCheck
+>
+> digits :: Int -> [Char] -> [Char]
+> digits 0 acc = '0' : acc
+> digits 1 acc = '1' : acc
+> digits n acc = digits (n `div` 2) $ digits (n `mod` 2) acc
+>
+> dist :: Int -> [Char] -> [Char]
+> dist 0 [] = ['S']
+> dist 0 acc = acc
+> dist 1 acc = let r = dist 0 acc in 's' : digits (length r) r
+> dist n acc = dist (n - 1) $ dist 1 acc
+>
+> takeLast n ss = reverse $ take n $ reverse ss
+>
+> test = takeLast 40 $ dist 20 []
+>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Printing <test> gives: <tt>"1s100000s11010s10100s1111s1010s110s11s1S"</tt></p>
+<p>
+The reverse algorithm computes the length of the string just by examining
+a certain prefix:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+> pref :: [Char] -> Int
+> pref "S" = 1
+> pref ('s':'1':rest) = decode 2 1 rest
+> pref (_:rest) = 1 + pref rest
+>
+> decode walk acc ('0':rest) = decode (walk + 1) (acc * 2) rest
+> decode walk acc ('1':rest) = decode (walk + 1) (acc * 2 + 1) rest
+> decode walk acc _ = walk + acc
+>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+Now, as expected, printing <pref test> gives <tt>40</tt>.</p>
+<p>
+We can <i>quickCheck</i> this with following property:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+> testcase = dist 2000 []
+> testcaseLength = length testcase
+>
+> identityProp n = n > 0 && n <= testcaseLength ==> length arr == pref arr
+> where arr = takeLast n testcase
+>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+As expected <quickCheck identityProp> gives:</p>
+
+<pre>
+*Main> quickCheck identityProp
+OK, passed 100 tests.
+</pre>
+<p>
+Let's be a bit more exhaustive:</p>
+
+<div class="doc_code">
+<pre>
+>
+> deepCheck p = check (defaultConfig { configMaxTest = 500 }) p
+>
+</pre>
+</div>
+<p>
+And here is the result of <deepCheck identityProp>:</p>
+
+<pre>
+*Main> deepCheck identityProp
+OK, passed 500 tests.
+</pre>
+
+<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="Tagging">Tagging considerations</a>
+</div>
+
+<p>
+To maintain the invariant that the 2 LSBits of each <tt>Use**</tt> in <tt>Use</tt>
+never change after being set up, setters of <tt>Use::Prev</tt> must re-tag the
+new <tt>Use**</tt> on every modification. Accordingly getters must strip the
+tag bits.</p>
+<p>
+For layout b) instead of the <tt>User</tt> we find a pointer (<tt>User*</tt> with LSBit set).
+Following this pointer brings us to the <tt>User</tt>. A portable trick ensures
+that the first bytes of <tt>User</tt> (if interpreted as a pointer) never has
+the LSBit set. (Portability is relying on the fact that all known compilers place the
+<tt>vptr</tt> in the first word of the instances.)</p>
+
+</div>
+
+ <!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+<div class="doc_section">
+ <a name="coreclasses">The Core LLVM Class Hierarchy Reference </a>
+</div>
+<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+<p><tt>#include "<a href="/doxygen/Type_8h-source.html">llvm/Type.h</a>"</tt>
+<br>doxygen info: <a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Type.html">Type Class</a></p>
+
+<p>The Core LLVM classes are the primary means of representing the program
+being inspected or transformed. The core LLVM classes are defined in
+header files in the <tt>include/llvm/</tt> directory, and implemented in
+the <tt>lib/VMCore</tt> directory.</p>
+
+</div>
+
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="Type">The <tt>Type</tt> class and Derived Types</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+ <p><tt>Type</tt> is a superclass of all type classes. Every <tt>Value</tt> has
+ a <tt>Type</tt>. <tt>Type</tt> cannot be instantiated directly but only
+ through its subclasses. Certain primitive types (<tt>VoidType</tt>,
+ <tt>LabelType</tt>, <tt>FloatType</tt> and <tt>DoubleType</tt>) have hidden
+ subclasses. They are hidden because they offer no useful functionality beyond
+ what the <tt>Type</tt> class offers except to distinguish themselves from
+ other subclasses of <tt>Type</tt>.</p>
+ <p>All other types are subclasses of <tt>DerivedType</tt>. Types can be
+ named, but this is not a requirement. There exists exactly
+ one instance of a given shape at any one time. This allows type equality to
+ be performed with address equality of the Type Instance. That is, given two
+ <tt>Type*</tt> values, the types are identical if the pointers are identical.
+ </p>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="m_Type">Important Public Methods</a>
+</div>
+
+<div class="doc_text">
+
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>bool isIntegerTy() const</tt>: Returns true for any integer type.</li>
+
+ <li><tt>bool isFloatingPointTy()</tt>: Return true if this is one of the five
+ floating point types.</li>
+
+ <li><tt>bool isAbstract()</tt>: Return true if the type is abstract (contains
+ an OpaqueType anywhere in its definition).</li>
+
+ <li><tt>bool isSized()</tt>: Return true if the type has known size. Things
+ that don't have a size are abstract types, labels and void.</li>
+
+</ul>
+</div>
+
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">
+ <a name="derivedtypes">Important Derived Types</a>
+</div>
+<div class="doc_text">
+<dl>
+ <dt><tt>IntegerType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>Subclass of DerivedType that represents integer types of any bit width.
+ Any bit width between <tt>IntegerType::MIN_INT_BITS</tt> (1) and
+ <tt>IntegerType::MAX_INT_BITS</tt> (~8 million) can be represented.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>static const IntegerType* get(unsigned NumBits)</tt>: get an integer
+ type of a specific bit width.</li>
+ <li><tt>unsigned getBitWidth() const</tt>: Get the bit width of an integer
+ type.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><tt>SequentialType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>This is subclassed by ArrayType and PointerType
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>const Type * getElementType() const</tt>: Returns the type of each
+ of the elements in the sequential type. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><tt>ArrayType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>This is a subclass of SequentialType and defines the interface for array
+ types.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>unsigned getNumElements() const</tt>: Returns the number of
+ elements in the array. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><tt>PointerType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>Subclass of SequentialType for pointer types.</dd>
+ <dt><tt>VectorType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>Subclass of SequentialType for vector types. A
+ vector type is similar to an ArrayType but is distinguished because it is
+ a first class type whereas ArrayType is not. Vector types are used for
+ vector operations and are usually small vectors of of an integer or floating
+ point type.</dd>
+ <dt><tt>StructType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>Subclass of DerivedTypes for struct types.</dd>
+ <dt><tt><a name="FunctionType">FunctionType</a></tt></dt>
+ <dd>Subclass of DerivedTypes for function types.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>bool isVarArg() const</tt>: Returns true if its a vararg
+ function</li>
+ <li><tt> const Type * getReturnType() const</tt>: Returns the
+ return type of the function.</li>
+ <li><tt>const Type * getParamType (unsigned i)</tt>: Returns
+ the type of the ith parameter.</li>
+ <li><tt> const unsigned getNumParams() const</tt>: Returns the
+ number of formal parameters.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </dd>
+ <dt><tt>OpaqueType</tt></dt>
+ <dd>Sublcass of DerivedType for abstract types. This class
+ defines no content and is used as a placeholder for some other type. Note
+ that OpaqueType is used (temporarily) during type resolution for forward
+ references of types. Once the referenced type is resolved, the OpaqueType
+ is replaced with the actual type. OpaqueType can also be used for data
+ abstraction. At link time opaque types can be resolved to actual types
+ of the same name.</dd>
+</dl>
+</div>
+
-</div>
-<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
-<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="PATypeHolder">The PATypeHolder Class</a>
+<!-- ======================================================================= -->
+<div class="doc_subsection">
+ <a name="Module">The <tt>Module</tt> class</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
-<p>
-PATypeHolder is a form of a "smart pointer" for Type objects. When VMCore
-happily goes about nuking types that become isomorphic to existing types, it
-automatically updates all PATypeHolder objects to point to the new type. In the
-example above, this allows the code to maintain a pointer to the resultant
-resolved recursive type, even though the Type*'s are potentially invalidated.
-</p>
-<p>
-PATypeHolder is an extremely light-weight object that uses a lazy union-find
-implementation to update pointers. For example the pointer from a Value to its
-Type is maintained by PATypeHolder objects.
-</p>
+<p><tt>#include "<a
+href="/doxygen/Module_8h-source.html">llvm/Module.h</a>"</tt><br> doxygen info:
+<a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Module.html">Module Class</a></p>
+
+<p>The <tt>Module</tt> class represents the top level structure present in LLVM
+programs. An LLVM module is effectively either a translation unit of the
+original program or a combination of several translation units merged by the
+linker. The <tt>Module</tt> class keeps track of a list of <a
+href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>s, a list of <a
+href="#GlobalVariable"><tt>GlobalVariable</tt></a>s, and a <a
+href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>. Additionally, it contains a few
+helpful member functions that try to make common operations easy.</p>
</div>
-<!-- ______________________________________________________________________ -->
+<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="AbstractTypeUser">The AbstractTypeUser Class</a>
+ <a name="m_Module">Important Public Members of the <tt>Module</tt> class</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
-<p>
-Some data structures need more to perform more complex updates when types get
-resolved. The <a href="#SymbolTable">SymbolTable</a> class, for example, needs
-move and potentially merge type planes in its representation when a pointer
-changes.</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>Module::Module(std::string name = "")</tt></li>
+</ul>
-<p>
-To support this, a class can derive from the AbstractTypeUser class. This class
-allows it to get callbacks when certain types are resolved. To register to get
-callbacks for a particular type, the DerivedType::{add/remove}AbstractTypeUser
-methods can be called on a type. Note that these methods only work for <i>
-abstract</i> types. Concrete types (those that do not include an opaque objects
-somewhere) can never be refined.
-</p>
-</div>
+<p>Constructing a <a href="#Module">Module</a> is easy. You can optionally
+provide a name for it (probably based on the name of the translation unit).</p>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>Module::iterator</tt> - Typedef for function list iterator<br>
+ <tt>Module::const_iterator</tt> - Typedef for const_iterator.<br>
-<!-- ======================================================================= -->
-<div class="doc_subsection">
- <a name="SymbolTable">The <tt>SymbolTable</tt> class</a>
-</div>
+ <tt>begin()</tt>, <tt>end()</tt>
+ <tt>size()</tt>, <tt>empty()</tt>
-<div class="doc_text">
-<p>This class provides a symbol table that the <a
-href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> and <a href="#Module">
-<tt>Module</tt></a> classes use for naming definitions. The symbol table can
-provide a name for any <a href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a> or <a
-href="#Type"><tt>Type</tt></a>. <tt>SymbolTable</tt> is an abstract data
-type. It hides the data it contains and provides access to it through a
-controlled interface.</p>
-
-<p>Note that the symbol table class is should not be directly accessed by most
-clients. It should only be used when iteration over the symbol table names
-themselves are required, which is very special purpose. Note that not all LLVM
-<a href="#Value">Value</a>s have names, and those without names (i.e. they have
-an empty name) do not exist in the symbol table.
-</p>
+ <p>These are forwarding methods that make it easy to access the contents of
+ a <tt>Module</tt> object's <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>
+ list.</p></li>
-<p>To use the <tt>SymbolTable</tt> well, you need to understand the
-structure of the information it holds. The class contains two
-<tt>std::map</tt> objects. The first, <tt>pmap</tt>, is a map of
-<tt>Type*</tt> to maps of name (<tt>std::string</tt>) to <tt>Value*</tt>.
-The second, <tt>tmap</tt>, is a map of names to <tt>Type*</tt>. Thus, Values
-are stored in two-dimensions and accessed by <tt>Type</tt> and name. Types,
-however, are stored in a single dimension and accessed only by name.</p>
+ <li><tt>Module::FunctionListType &getFunctionList()</tt>
-<p>The interface of this class provides three basic types of operations:
-<ol>
- <li><em>Accessors</em>. Accessors provide read-only access to information
- such as finding a value for a name with the
- <a href="#SymbolTable_lookup">lookup</a> method.</li>
- <li><em>Mutators</em>. Mutators allow the user to add information to the
- <tt>SymbolTable</tt> with methods like
- <a href="#SymbolTable_insert"><tt>insert</tt></a>.</li>
- <li><em>Iterators</em>. Iterators allow the user to traverse the content
- of the symbol table in well defined ways, such as the method
- <a href="#SymbolTable_type_begin"><tt>type_begin</tt></a>.</li>
-</ol>
+ <p> Returns the list of <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>s. This is
+ necessary to use when you need to update the list or perform a complex
+ action that doesn't have a forwarding method.</p>
-<h3>Accessors</h3>
-<dl>
- <dt><tt>Value* lookup(const Type* Ty, const std::string& name) const</tt>:
- </dt>
- <dd>The <tt>lookup</tt> method searches the type plane given by the
- <tt>Ty</tt> parameter for a <tt>Value</tt> with the provided <tt>name</tt>.
- If a suitable <tt>Value</tt> is not found, null is returned.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>Type* lookupType( const std::string& name) const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>The <tt>lookupType</tt> method searches through the types for a
- <tt>Type</tt> with the provided <tt>name</tt>. If a suitable <tt>Type</tt>
- is not found, null is returned.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>bool hasTypes() const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>This function returns true if an entry has been made into the type
- map.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>bool isEmpty() const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>This function returns true if both the value and types maps are
- empty</dd>
-</dl>
+ <p><!-- Global Variable --></p></li>
+</ul>
-<h3>Mutators</h3>
-<dl>
- <dt><tt>void insert(Value *Val)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>This method adds the provided value to the symbol table. The Value must
- have both a name and a type which are extracted and used to place the value
- in the correct type plane under the value's name.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>void insert(const std::string& Name, Value *Val)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> Inserts a constant or type into the symbol table with the specified
- name. There can be a many to one mapping between names and constants
- or types.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>void insert(const std::string& Name, Type *Typ)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> Inserts a type into the symbol table with the specified name. There
- can be a many-to-one mapping between names and types. This method
- allows a type with an existing entry in the symbol table to get
- a new name.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>void remove(Value* Val)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> This method removes a named value from the symbol table. The
- type and name of the Value are extracted from \p N and used to
- lookup the Value in the correct type plane. If the Value is
- not in the symbol table, this method silently ignores the
- request.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>void remove(Type* Typ)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> This method removes a named type from the symbol table. The
- name of the type is extracted from \P T and used to look up
- the Type in the type map. If the Type is not in the symbol
- table, this method silently ignores the request.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>Value* remove(const std::string& Name, Value *Val)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> Remove a constant or type with the specified name from the
- symbol table.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>Type* remove(const std::string& Name, Type* T)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> Remove a type with the specified name from the symbol table.
- Returns the removed Type.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>Value *value_remove(const value_iterator& It)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> Removes a specific value from the symbol table.
- Returns the removed value.</dd>
-
- <dt><tt>bool strip()</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> This method will strip the symbol table of its names leaving
- the type and values. </dd>
-
- <dt><tt>void clear()</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Empty the symbol table completely.</dd>
-</dl>
+<hr>
-<h3>Iteration</h3>
-<p>The following functions describe three types of iterators you can obtain
-the beginning or end of the sequence for both const and non-const. It is
-important to keep track of the different kinds of iterators. There are
-three idioms worth pointing out:</p>
-
-<table>
- <tr><th>Units</th><th>Iterator</th><th>Idiom</th></tr>
- <tr>
- <td align="left">Planes Of name/Value maps</td><td>PI</td>
- <td align="left"><pre><tt>
-for (SymbolTable::plane_const_iterator PI = ST.plane_begin(),
- PE = ST.plane_end(); PI != PE; ++PI ) {
- PI->first // <i>This is the Type* of the plane</i>
- PI->second // <i>This is the SymbolTable::ValueMap of name/Value pairs</i>
-}
- </tt></pre></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td align="left">All name/Type Pairs</td><td>TI</td>
- <td align="left"><pre><tt>
-for (SymbolTable::type_const_iterator TI = ST.type_begin(),
- TE = ST.type_end(); TI != TE; ++TI ) {
- TI->first // <i>This is the name of the type</i>
- TI->second // <i>This is the Type* value associated with the name</i>
-}
- </tt></pre></td>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td align="left">name/Value pairs in a plane</td><td>VI</td>
- <td align="left"><pre><tt>
-for (SymbolTable::value_const_iterator VI = ST.value_begin(SomeType),
- VE = ST.value_end(SomeType); VI != VE; ++VI ) {
- VI->first // <i>This is the name of the Value</i>
- VI->second // <i>This is the Value* value associated with the name</i>
-}
- </tt></pre></td>
- </tr>
-</table>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt>Module::global_iterator</tt> - Typedef for global variable list iterator<br>
-<p>Using the recommended iterator names and idioms will help you avoid
-making mistakes. Of particular note, make sure that whenever you use
-value_begin(SomeType) that you always compare the resulting iterator
-with value_end(SomeType) not value_end(SomeOtherType) or else you
-will loop infinitely.</p>
+ <tt>Module::const_global_iterator</tt> - Typedef for const_iterator.<br>
-<dl>
+ <tt>global_begin()</tt>, <tt>global_end()</tt>
+ <tt>global_size()</tt>, <tt>global_empty()</tt>
- <dt><tt>plane_iterator plane_begin()</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get an iterator that starts at the beginning of the type planes.
- The iterator will iterate over the Type/ValueMap pairs in the
- type planes. </dd>
+ <p> These are forwarding methods that make it easy to access the contents of
+ a <tt>Module</tt> object's <a
+ href="#GlobalVariable"><tt>GlobalVariable</tt></a> list.</p></li>
- <dt><tt>plane_const_iterator plane_begin() const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get a const_iterator that starts at the beginning of the type
- planes. The iterator will iterate over the Type/ValueMap pairs
- in the type planes. </dd>
+ <li><tt>Module::GlobalListType &getGlobalList()</tt>
- <dt><tt>plane_iterator plane_end()</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get an iterator at the end of the type planes. This serves as
- the marker for end of iteration over the type planes.</dd>
+ <p>Returns the list of <a
+ href="#GlobalVariable"><tt>GlobalVariable</tt></a>s. This is necessary to
+ use when you need to update the list or perform a complex action that
+ doesn't have a forwarding method.</p>
- <dt><tt>plane_const_iterator plane_end() const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get a const_iterator at the end of the type planes. This serves as
- the marker for end of iteration over the type planes.</dd>
+ <p><!-- Symbol table stuff --> </p></li>
+</ul>
- <dt><tt>value_iterator value_begin(const Type *Typ)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get an iterator that starts at the beginning of a type plane.
- The iterator will iterate over the name/value pairs in the type plane.
- Note: The type plane must already exist before using this.</dd>
+<hr>
- <dt><tt>value_const_iterator value_begin(const Type *Typ) const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get a const_iterator that starts at the beginning of a type plane.
- The iterator will iterate over the name/value pairs in the type plane.
- Note: The type plane must already exist before using this.</dd>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt><a href="#SymbolTable">SymbolTable</a> *getSymbolTable()</tt>
- <dt><tt>value_iterator value_end(const Type *Typ)</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get an iterator to the end of a type plane. This serves as the marker
- for end of iteration of the type plane.
- Note: The type plane must already exist before using this.</dd>
+ <p>Return a reference to the <a href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>
+ for this <tt>Module</tt>.</p>
- <dt><tt>value_const_iterator value_end(const Type *Typ) const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get a const_iterator to the end of a type plane. This serves as the
- marker for end of iteration of the type plane.
- Note: the type plane must already exist before using this.</dd>
+ <p><!-- Convenience methods --></p></li>
+</ul>
- <dt><tt>type_iterator type_begin()</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get an iterator to the start of the name/Type map.</dd>
+<hr>
- <dt><tt>type_const_iterator type_begin() cons</tt>:</dt>
- <dd> Get a const_iterator to the start of the name/Type map.</dd>
+<ul>
+ <li><tt><a href="#Function">Function</a> *getFunction(const std::string
+ &Name, const <a href="#FunctionType">FunctionType</a> *Ty)</tt>
- <dt><tt>type_iterator type_end()</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get an iterator to the end of the name/Type map. This serves as the
- marker for end of iteration of the types.</dd>
+ <p>Look up the specified function in the <tt>Module</tt> <a
+ href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>. If it does not exist, return
+ <tt>null</tt>.</p></li>
- <dt><tt>type_const_iterator type_end() const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>Get a const-iterator to the end of the name/Type map. This serves
- as the marker for end of iteration of the types.</dd>
+ <li><tt><a href="#Function">Function</a> *getOrInsertFunction(const
+ std::string &Name, const <a href="#FunctionType">FunctionType</a> *T)</tt>
- <dt><tt>plane_const_iterator find(const Type* Typ ) const</tt>:</dt>
- <dd>This method returns a plane_const_iterator for iteration over
- the type planes starting at a specific plane, given by \p Ty.</dd>
+ <p>Look up the specified function in the <tt>Module</tt> <a
+ href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>. If it does not exist, add an
+ external declaration for the function and return it.</p></li>
- <dt><tt>plane_iterator find( const Type* Typ </tt>:</dt>
- <dd>This method returns a plane_iterator for iteration over the
- type planes starting at a specific plane, given by \p Ty.</dd>
+ <li><tt>std::string getTypeName(const <a href="#Type">Type</a> *Ty)</tt>
-</dl>
-</div>
+ <p>If there is at least one entry in the <a
+ href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a> for the specified <a
+ href="#Type"><tt>Type</tt></a>, return it. Otherwise return the empty
+ string.</p></li>
+ <li><tt>bool addTypeName(const std::string &Name, const <a
+ href="#Type">Type</a> *Ty)</tt>
+ <p>Insert an entry in the <a href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>
+ mapping <tt>Name</tt> to <tt>Ty</tt>. If there is already an entry for this
+ name, true is returned and the <a
+ href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a> is not modified.</p></li>
+</ul>
-<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
-<div class="doc_section">
- <a name="coreclasses">The Core LLVM Class Hierarchy Reference </a>
</div>
-<!-- *********************************************************************** -->
-<div class="doc_text">
-
-<p>The Core LLVM classes are the primary means of representing the program
-being inspected or transformed. The core LLVM classes are defined in
-header files in the <tt>include/llvm/</tt> directory, and implemented in
-the <tt>lib/VMCore</tt> directory.</p>
-
-</div>
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="Value">The <tt>Value</tt> class</a>
</div>
-<div>
+<div class="doc_text">
<p><tt>#include "<a href="/doxygen/Value_8h-source.html">llvm/Value.h</a>"</tt>
<br>
-doxygen info: <a href="/doxygen/structllvm_1_1Value.html">Value Class</a></p>
+doxygen info: <a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Value.html">Value Class</a></p>
<p>The <tt>Value</tt> class is the most important class in the LLVM Source
base. It represents a typed value that may be used (among other things) as an
<div class="doc_code">
<pre>
-%<b>foo</b> = add int 1, 2
+%<b>foo</b> = add i32 1, 2
</pre>
</div>
-<p><a name="#nameWarning">The name of this instruction is "foo".</a> <b>NOTE</b>
+<p><a name="nameWarning">The name of this instruction is "foo".</a> <b>NOTE</b>
that the name of any value may be missing (an empty string), so names should
<b>ONLY</b> be used for debugging (making the source code easier to read,
debugging printouts), they should not be used to keep track of values or map
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
- <a name="BasicBlock">The <tt>BasicBlock</tt> class</a>
+ <a name="Constant">The <tt>Constant</tt> class and subclasses</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
-<p><tt>#include "<a
-href="/doxygen/BasicBlock_8h-source.html">llvm/BasicBlock.h</a>"</tt><br>
-doxygen info: <a href="/doxygen/structllvm_1_1BasicBlock.html">BasicBlock
-Class</a><br>
-Superclass: <a href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a></p>
-
-<p>This class represents a single entry multiple exit section of the code,
-commonly known as a basic block by the compiler community. The
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt> class maintains a list of <a
-href="#Instruction"><tt>Instruction</tt></a>s, which form the body of the block.
-Matching the language definition, the last element of this list of instructions
-is always a terminator instruction (a subclass of the <a
-href="#TerminatorInst"><tt>TerminatorInst</tt></a> class).</p>
-
-<p>In addition to tracking the list of instructions that make up the block, the
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt> class also keeps track of the <a
-href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> that it is embedded into.</p>
-
-<p>Note that <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s themselves are <a
-href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a>s, because they are referenced by instructions
-like branches and can go in the switch tables. <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s have type
-<tt>label</tt>.</p>
+<p>Constant represents a base class for different types of constants. It
+is subclassed by ConstantInt, ConstantArray, etc. for representing
+the various types of Constants. <a href="#GlobalValue">GlobalValue</a> is also
+a subclass, which represents the address of a global variable or function.
+</p>
</div>
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
-<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="m_BasicBlock">Important Public Members of the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>
- class</a>
-</div>
-
+<div class="doc_subsubsection">Important Subclasses of Constant </div>
<div class="doc_text">
-
<ul>
-
-<li><tt>BasicBlock(const std::string &Name = "", </tt><tt><a
- href="#Function">Function</a> *Parent = 0)</tt>
-
-<p>The <tt>BasicBlock</tt> constructor is used to create new basic blocks for
-insertion into a function. The constructor optionally takes a name for the new
-block, and a <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> to insert it into. If
-the <tt>Parent</tt> parameter is specified, the new <tt>BasicBlock</tt> is
-automatically inserted at the end of the specified <a
-href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>, if not specified, the BasicBlock must be
-manually inserted into the <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>.</p></li>
-
-<li><tt>BasicBlock::iterator</tt> - Typedef for instruction list iterator<br>
-<tt>BasicBlock::const_iterator</tt> - Typedef for const_iterator.<br>
-<tt>begin()</tt>, <tt>end()</tt>, <tt>front()</tt>, <tt>back()</tt>,
-<tt>size()</tt>, <tt>empty()</tt>
-STL-style functions for accessing the instruction list.
-
-<p>These methods and typedefs are forwarding functions that have the same
-semantics as the standard library methods of the same names. These methods
-expose the underlying instruction list of a basic block in a way that is easy to
-manipulate. To get the full complement of container operations (including
-operations to update the list), you must use the <tt>getInstList()</tt>
-method.</p></li>
-
-<li><tt>BasicBlock::InstListType &getInstList()</tt>
-
-<p>This method is used to get access to the underlying container that actually
-holds the Instructions. This method must be used when there isn't a forwarding
-function in the <tt>BasicBlock</tt> class for the operation that you would like
-to perform. Because there are no forwarding functions for "updating"
-operations, you need to use this if you want to update the contents of a
-<tt>BasicBlock</tt>.</p></li>
-
-<li><tt><a href="#Function">Function</a> *getParent()</tt>
-
-<p> Returns a pointer to <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> the block is
-embedded into, or a null pointer if it is homeless.</p></li>
-
-<li><tt><a href="#TerminatorInst">TerminatorInst</a> *getTerminator()</tt>
-
-<p> Returns a pointer to the terminator instruction that appears at the end of
-the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>. If there is no terminator instruction, or if the last
-instruction in the block is not a terminator, then a null pointer is
-returned.</p></li>
-
+ <li>ConstantInt : This subclass of Constant represents an integer constant of
+ any width.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>const APInt& getValue() const</tt>: Returns the underlying
+ value of this constant, an APInt value.</li>
+ <li><tt>int64_t getSExtValue() const</tt>: Converts the underlying APInt
+ value to an int64_t via sign extension. If the value (not the bit width)
+ of the APInt is too large to fit in an int64_t, an assertion will result.
+ For this reason, use of this method is discouraged.</li>
+ <li><tt>uint64_t getZExtValue() const</tt>: Converts the underlying APInt
+ value to a uint64_t via zero extension. IF the value (not the bit width)
+ of the APInt is too large to fit in a uint64_t, an assertion will result.
+ For this reason, use of this method is discouraged.</li>
+ <li><tt>static ConstantInt* get(const APInt& Val)</tt>: Returns the
+ ConstantInt object that represents the value provided by <tt>Val</tt>.
+ The type is implied as the IntegerType that corresponds to the bit width
+ of <tt>Val</tt>.</li>
+ <li><tt>static ConstantInt* get(const Type *Ty, uint64_t Val)</tt>:
+ Returns the ConstantInt object that represents the value provided by
+ <tt>Val</tt> for integer type <tt>Ty</tt>.</li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>ConstantFP : This class represents a floating point constant.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>double getValue() const</tt>: Returns the underlying value of
+ this constant. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>ConstantArray : This represents a constant array.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>const std::vector<Use> &getValues() const</tt>: Returns
+ a vector of component constants that makeup this array. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>ConstantStruct : This represents a constant struct.
+ <ul>
+ <li><tt>const std::vector<Use> &getValues() const</tt>: Returns
+ a vector of component constants that makeup this array. </li>
+ </ul>
+ </li>
+ <li>GlobalValue : This represents either a global variable or a function. In
+ either case, the value is a constant fixed address (after linking).
+ </li>
</ul>
-
</div>
+
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="GlobalValue">The <tt>GlobalValue</tt> class</a>
when using the <tt>GetElementPtrInst</tt> instruction because this pointer must
be dereferenced first. For example, if you have a <tt>GlobalVariable</tt> (a
subclass of <tt>GlobalValue)</tt> that is an array of 24 ints, type <tt>[24 x
-int]</tt>, then the <tt>GlobalVariable</tt> is a pointer to that array. Although
+i32]</tt>, then the <tt>GlobalVariable</tt> is a pointer to that array. Although
the address of the first element of this array and the value of the
<tt>GlobalVariable</tt> are the same, they have different types. The
-<tt>GlobalVariable</tt>'s type is <tt>[24 x int]</tt>. The first element's type
-is <tt>int.</tt> Because of this, accessing a global value requires you to
+<tt>GlobalVariable</tt>'s type is <tt>[24 x i32]</tt>. The first element's type
+is <tt>i32.</tt> Because of this, accessing a global value requires you to
dereference the pointer with <tt>GetElementPtrInst</tt> first, then its elements
can be accessed. This is explained in the <a href="LangRef.html#globalvars">LLVM
Language Reference Manual</a>.</p>
<a href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a></p>
<p>The <tt>Function</tt> class represents a single procedure in LLVM. It is
-actually one of the more complex classes in the LLVM heirarchy because it must
+actually one of the more complex classes in the LLVM hierarchy because it must
keep track of a large amount of data. The <tt>Function</tt> class keeps track
of a list of <a href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a>s, a list of formal
<a href="#Argument"><tt>Argument</tt></a>s, and a
<p>The list of <a href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a>s is the most
commonly used part of <tt>Function</tt> objects. The list imposes an implicit
ordering of the blocks in the function, which indicate how the code will be
-la
yed out by the backend. Additionally, the first <a
+la
id out by the backend. Additionally, the first <a
href="#BasicBlock"><tt>BasicBlock</tt></a> is the implicit entry node for the
<tt>Function</tt>. It is not legal in LLVM to explicitly branch to this initial
block. There are no implicit exit nodes, and in fact there may be multiple exit
create and what type of linkage the function should have. The <a
href="#FunctionType"><tt>FunctionType</tt></a> argument
specifies the formal arguments and return value for the function. The same
- <a href="#FunctionTypel"><tt>FunctionType</tt></a> value can be used to
+ <a href="#FunctionType"><tt>FunctionType</tt></a> value can be used to
create multiple functions. The <tt>Parent</tt> argument specifies the Module
in which the function is defined. If this argument is provided, the function
will automatically be inserted into that module's list of
functions.</p></li>
- <li><tt>bool isExternal()</tt>
+ <li><tt>bool isDeclaration()</tt>
<p>Return whether or not the <tt>Function</tt> has a body defined. If the
function is "external", it does not have a body, and thus must be resolved
<a href="#User"><tt>User</tt></a>,
<a href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a></p>
-<p>Global variables are represented with the (suprise suprise)
+<p>Global variables are represented with the (surprise surprise)
<tt>GlobalVariable</tt> class. Like functions, <tt>GlobalVariable</tt>s are also
subclasses of <a href="#GlobalValue"><tt>GlobalValue</tt></a>, and as such are
always referenced by their address (global values must live in memory, so their
<p>Create a new global variable of the specified type. If
<tt>isConstant</tt> is true then the global variable will be marked as
unchanging for the program. The Linkage parameter specifies the type of
- linkage (internal, external, weak, linkonce, appending) for the variable. If
- the linkage is InternalLinkage, WeakLinkage, or LinkOnceLinkage, then
- the resultant global variable will have internal linkage. AppendingLinkage
- concatenates together all instances (in different translation units) of the
- variable into a single variable but is only applicable to arrays. See
+ linkage (internal, external, weak, linkonce, appending) for the variable.
+ If the linkage is InternalLinkage, WeakAnyLinkage, WeakODRLinkage,
+ LinkOnceAnyLinkage or LinkOnceODRLinkage, then the resultant
+ global variable will have internal linkage. AppendingLinkage concatenates
+ together all instances (in different translation units) of the variable
+ into a single variable but is only applicable to arrays. See
the <a href="LangRef.html#modulestructure">LLVM Language Reference</a> for
further details on linkage types. Optionally an initializer, a name, and the
module to put the variable into may be specified for the global variable as
<li><tt><a href="#Constant">Constant</a> *getInitializer()</tt>
- <p>Returns the intial value for a <tt>GlobalVariable</tt>. It is not legal
+ <p>Returns the initial value for a <tt>GlobalVariable</tt>. It is not legal
to call this method if there is no initializer.</p></li>
</ul>
</div>
+
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
- <a name="Module">The <tt>Module</tt> class</a>
+ <a name="BasicBlock">The <tt>BasicBlock</tt> class</a>
</div>
<div class="doc_text">
<p><tt>#include "<a
-href="/doxygen/Module_8h-source.html">llvm/Module.h</a>"</tt><br> doxygen info:
-<a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1Module.html">Module Class</a></p>
-
-<p>The <tt>Module</tt> class represents the top level structure present in LLVM
-programs. An LLVM module is effectively either a translation unit of the
-original program or a combination of several translation units merged by the
-linker. The <tt>Module</tt> class keeps track of a list of <a
-href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>s, a list of <a
-href="#GlobalVariable"><tt>GlobalVariable</tt></a>s, and a <a
-href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>. Additionally, it contains a few
-helpful member functions that try to make common operations easy.</p>
-
-</div>
-
-<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
-<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="m_Module">Important Public Members of the <tt>Module</tt> class</a>
-</div>
-
-<div class="doc_text">
-
-<ul>
- <li><tt>Module::Module(std::string name = "")</tt></li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>Constructing a <a href="#Module">Module</a> is easy. You can optionally
-provide a name for it (probably based on the name of the translation unit).</p>
-
-<ul>
- <li><tt>Module::iterator</tt> - Typedef for function list iterator<br>
- <tt>Module::const_iterator</tt> - Typedef for const_iterator.<br>
-
- <tt>begin()</tt>, <tt>end()</tt>
- <tt>size()</tt>, <tt>empty()</tt>
-
- <p>These are forwarding methods that make it easy to access the contents of
- a <tt>Module</tt> object's <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>
- list.</p></li>
-
- <li><tt>Module::FunctionListType &getFunctionList()</tt>
-
- <p> Returns the list of <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>s. This is
- necessary to use when you need to update the list or perform a complex
- action that doesn't have a forwarding method.</p>
-
- <p><!-- Global Variable --></p></li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<ul>
- <li><tt>Module::global_iterator</tt> - Typedef for global variable list iterator<br>
-
- <tt>Module::const_global_iterator</tt> - Typedef for const_iterator.<br>
-
- <tt>global_begin()</tt>, <tt>global_end()</tt>
- <tt>global_size()</tt>, <tt>global_empty()</tt>
-
- <p> These are forwarding methods that make it easy to access the contents of
- a <tt>Module</tt> object's <a
- href="#GlobalVariable"><tt>GlobalVariable</tt></a> list.</p></li>
-
- <li><tt>Module::GlobalListType &getGlobalList()</tt>
-
- <p>Returns the list of <a
- href="#GlobalVariable"><tt>GlobalVariable</tt></a>s. This is necessary to
- use when you need to update the list or perform a complex action that
- doesn't have a forwarding method.</p>
-
- <p><!-- Symbol table stuff --> </p></li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<ul>
- <li><tt><a href="#SymbolTable">SymbolTable</a> *getSymbolTable()</tt>
-
- <p>Return a reference to the <a href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>
- for this <tt>Module</tt>.</p>
-
- <p><!-- Convenience methods --></p></li>
-</ul>
-
-<hr>
-
-<ul>
- <li><tt><a href="#Function">Function</a> *getFunction(const std::string
- &Name, const <a href="#FunctionType">FunctionType</a> *Ty)</tt>
-
- <p>Look up the specified function in the <tt>Module</tt> <a
- href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>. If it does not exist, return
- <tt>null</tt>.</p></li>
-
- <li><tt><a href="#Function">Function</a> *getOrInsertFunction(const
- std::string &Name, const <a href="#FunctionType">FunctionType</a> *T)</tt>
-
- <p>Look up the specified function in the <tt>Module</tt> <a
- href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>. If it does not exist, add an
- external declaration for the function and return it.</p></li>
-
- <li><tt>std::string getTypeName(const <a href="#Type">Type</a> *Ty)</tt>
-
- <p>If there is at least one entry in the <a
- href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a> for the specified <a
- href="#Type"><tt>Type</tt></a>, return it. Otherwise return the empty
- string.</p></li>
-
- <li><tt>bool addTypeName(const std::string &Name, const <a
- href="#Type">Type</a> *Ty)</tt>
-
- <p>Insert an entry in the <a href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a>
- mapping <tt>Name</tt> to <tt>Ty</tt>. If there is already an entry for this
- name, true is returned and the <a
- href="#SymbolTable"><tt>SymbolTable</tt></a> is not modified.</p></li>
-</ul>
-
-</div>
+href="/doxygen/BasicBlock_8h-source.html">llvm/BasicBlock.h</a>"</tt><br>
+doxygen info: <a href="/doxygen/classllvm_1_1BasicBlock.html">BasicBlock
+Class</a><br>
+Superclass: <a href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a></p>
-<!-- ======================================================================= -->
-<div class="doc_subsection">
- <a name="Constant">The <tt>Constant</tt> class and subclasses</a>
-</div>
+<p>This class represents a single entry multiple exit section of the code,
+commonly known as a basic block by the compiler community. The
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt> class maintains a list of <a
+href="#Instruction"><tt>Instruction</tt></a>s, which form the body of the block.
+Matching the language definition, the last element of this list of instructions
+is always a terminator instruction (a subclass of the <a
+href="#TerminatorInst"><tt>TerminatorInst</tt></a> class).</p>
-<div class="doc_text">
+<p>In addition to tracking the list of instructions that make up the block, the
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt> class also keeps track of the <a
+href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> that it is embedded into.</p>
-<p>Constant represents a base class for different types of constants. It
-is subclassed by ConstantBool, ConstantInt, ConstantArray etc for representing
-the various types of Constants.</p>
+<p>Note that <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s themselves are <a
+href="#Value"><tt>Value</tt></a>s, because they are referenced by instructions
+like branches and can go in the switch tables. <tt>BasicBlock</tt>s have type
+<tt>label</tt>.</p>
</div>
<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="m_Constant">Important Public Methods</a>
-</div>
-<div class="doc_text">
+ <a name="m_BasicBlock">Important Public Members of the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>
+ class</a>
</div>
-<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
-<div class="doc_subsubsection">Important Subclasses of Constant </div>
<div class="doc_text">
<ul>
- <li>ConstantInt : This subclass of Constant represents an integer constant.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>int64_t getSExtValue() const</tt>: Returns the underlying value of
- this constant as a sign extended signed integer value.</li>
- <li><tt>uint64_t getZExtValue() const</tt>: Returns the underlying value
- of this constant as a zero extended unsigned integer value.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>ConstantFP : This class represents a floating point constant.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>double getValue() const</tt>: Returns the underlying value of
- this constant. </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>ConstantBool : This represents a boolean constant.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>bool getValue() const</tt>: Returns the underlying value of this
- constant. </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>ConstantArray : This represents a constant array.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>const std::vector<Use> &getValues() const</tt>: Returns
- a vector of component constants that makeup this array. </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>ConstantStruct : This represents a constant struct.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>const std::vector<Use> &getValues() const</tt>: Returns
- a vector of component constants that makeup this array. </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>GlobalValue : This represents either a global variable or a function. In
- either case, the value is a constant fixed address (after linking).
- </li>
-</ul>
-</div>
-<!-- ======================================================================= -->
-<div class="doc_subsection">
- <a name="Type">The <tt>Type</tt> class and Derived Types</a>
-</div>
+<li><tt>BasicBlock(const std::string &Name = "", </tt><tt><a
+ href="#Function">Function</a> *Parent = 0)</tt>
-<div class="doc_text">
+<p>The <tt>BasicBlock</tt> constructor is used to create new basic blocks for
+insertion into a function. The constructor optionally takes a name for the new
+block, and a <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> to insert it into. If
+the <tt>Parent</tt> parameter is specified, the new <tt>BasicBlock</tt> is
+automatically inserted at the end of the specified <a
+href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>, if not specified, the BasicBlock must be
+manually inserted into the <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a>.</p></li>
-<p>Type as noted earlier is also a subclass of a Value class. Any primitive
-type (like int, short etc) in LLVM is an instance of Type Class. All other
-types are instances of subclasses of type like FunctionType, ArrayType
-etc. DerivedType is the interface for all such dervied types including
-FunctionType, ArrayType, PointerType, StructType. Types can have names. They can
-be recursive (StructType). There exists exactly one instance of any type
-structure at a time. This allows using pointer equality of Type *s for comparing
-types.</p>
+<li><tt>BasicBlock::iterator</tt> - Typedef for instruction list iterator<br>
+<tt>BasicBlock::const_iterator</tt> - Typedef for const_iterator.<br>
+<tt>begin()</tt>, <tt>end()</tt>, <tt>front()</tt>, <tt>back()</tt>,
+<tt>size()</tt>, <tt>empty()</tt>
+STL-style functions for accessing the instruction list.
-</div>
+<p>These methods and typedefs are forwarding functions that have the same
+semantics as the standard library methods of the same names. These methods
+expose the underlying instruction list of a basic block in a way that is easy to
+manipulate. To get the full complement of container operations (including
+operations to update the list), you must use the <tt>getInstList()</tt>
+method.</p></li>
-<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
-<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="m_Value">Important Public Methods</a>
-</div>
+<li><tt>BasicBlock::InstListType &getInstList()</tt>
-<div class="doc_text">
+<p>This method is used to get access to the underlying container that actually
+holds the Instructions. This method must be used when there isn't a forwarding
+function in the <tt>BasicBlock</tt> class for the operation that you would like
+to perform. Because there are no forwarding functions for "updating"
+operations, you need to use this if you want to update the contents of a
+<tt>BasicBlock</tt>.</p></li>
-<ul>
- <li><tt>bool isInteger() const</tt>: True for any integer type.</li>
+<li><tt><a href="#Function">Function</a> *getParent()</tt>
- <li><tt>bool isIntegral() const</tt>: Returns true if this is an integral
- type, which is either Bool type or one of the Integer types.</li>
+<p> Returns a pointer to <a href="#Function"><tt>Function</tt></a> the block is
+embedded into, or a null pointer if it is homeless.</p></li>
- <li><tt>bool isFloatingPoint()</tt>: Return true if this is one of the two
- floating point types.</li>
+<li><tt><a href="#TerminatorInst">TerminatorInst</a> *getTerminator()</tt>
- <li><tt>isLosslesslyConvertableTo (const Type *Ty) const</tt>: Return true if
- this type can be converted to 'Ty' without any reinterpretation of bits. For
- example, uint to int or one pointer type to another.</li>
-</ul>
-</div>
+<p> Returns a pointer to the terminator instruction that appears at the end of
+the <tt>BasicBlock</tt>. If there is no terminator instruction, or if the last
+instruction in the block is not a terminator, then a null pointer is
+returned.</p></li>
-<!-- _______________________________________________________________________ -->
-<div class="doc_subsubsection">
- <a name="m_Value">Important Derived Types</a>
-</div>
-<div class="doc_text">
-<ul>
- <li>SequentialType : This is subclassed by ArrayType and PointerType
- <ul>
- <li><tt>const Type * getElementType() const</tt>: Returns the type of each
- of the elements in the sequential type. </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>ArrayType : This is a subclass of SequentialType and defines interface for
- array types.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>unsigned getNumElements() const</tt>: Returns the number of
- elements in the array. </li>
- </ul>
- </li>
- <li>PointerType : Subclass of SequentialType for pointer types. </li>
- <li>StructType : subclass of DerivedTypes for struct types </li>
- <li>FunctionType : subclass of DerivedTypes for function types.
- <ul>
- <li><tt>bool isVarArg() const</tt>: Returns true if its a vararg
- function</li>
- <li><tt> const Type * getReturnType() const</tt>: Returns the
- return type of the function.</li>
- <li><tt>const Type * getParamType (unsigned i)</tt>: Returns
- the type of the ith parameter.</li>
- <li><tt> const unsigned getNumParams() const</tt>: Returns the
- number of formal parameters.</li>
- </ul>
- </li>
</ul>
+
</div>
+
<!-- ======================================================================= -->
<div class="doc_subsection">
<a name="Argument">The <tt>Argument</tt> class</a>
<hr>
<address>
<a href="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/check/referer"><img
- src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss" alt="Valid CSS!"></a>
+ src="http://jigsaw.w3.org/css-validator/images/vcss-blue" alt="Valid CSS"></a>
<a href="http://validator.w3.org/check/referer"><img
- src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01!" /></a>
+ src="http://www.w3.org/Icons/valid-html401" alt="Valid HTML 4.01 Strict"></a>
<a href="mailto:dhurjati@cs.uiuc.edu">Dinakar Dhurjati</a> and
<a href="mailto:sabre@nondot.org">Chris Lattner</a><br>
projects / oota-llvm.git / blobdiff