Remove std::ref and boost::ref from docs

[libcds.git] / cds / container / michael_map_rcu.h

//$$CDS-header$$

#ifndef __CDS_CONTAINER_MICHAEL_MAP_RCU_H
#define __CDS_CONTAINER_MICHAEL_MAP_RCU_H

#include <cds/container/details/michael_map_base.h>
#include <cds/details/allocator.h>

namespace cds { namespace container {

    /// Michael's hash map (template specialization for \ref cds_urcu_desc "RCU")
    /** @ingroup cds_nonintrusive_map
        \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_rcu

        Source:
            - [2002] Maged Michael "High performance dynamic lock-free hash tables and list-based sets"

        Michael's hash table algorithm is based on lock-free ordered list and it is very simple.
        The main structure is an array \p T of size \p M. Each element in \p T is basically a pointer
        to a hash bucket, implemented as a singly linked list. The array of buckets cannot be dynamically expanded.
        However, each bucket may contain unbounded number of items.

        Template parameters are:
        - \p RCU - one of \ref cds_urcu_gc "RCU type"
        - \p OrderedList - ordered key-value list implementation used as bucket for hash map, for example, \p MichaelKVList.
            The ordered list implementation specifies the \p Key and \p Value types stored in the hash-map, the reclamation
            schema \p GC used by hash-map, the comparison functor for the type \p Key and other features specific for
            the ordered list.
        - \p Traits - map traits, default is \p michael_map::traits.
            Instead of defining \p Traits struct you may use option-based syntax with \p michael_map::make_traits metafunction

        Many of the class function take a key argument of type \p K that in general is not \p key_type.
        \p key_type and an argument of template type \p K must meet the following requirements:
        - \p key_type should be constructible from value of type \p K;
        - the hash functor should be able to calculate correct hash value from argument \p key of type \p K:
            <tt> hash( key_type(key) ) == hash( key ) </tt>
        - values of type \p key_type and \p K should be comparable

        <b>How to use</b>

        The tips about how to use Michael's map see \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_how_touse "MichaelHashMap".
        Remember, that you should include RCU-related header file (for example, <tt>cds/urcu/general_buffered.h</tt>)
        before including <tt>cds/container/michael_map_rcu.h</tt>.
    */
    template <
        class RCU,
        class OrderedList,
#ifdef CDS_DOXYGEN_INVOKED
        class Traits = michael_map::traits
#else
        class Traits
#endif
    >
    class MichaelHashMap< cds::urcu::gc< RCU >, OrderedList, Traits >
    {
    public:
        typedef cds::urcu::gc< RCU > gc;   ///< RCU used as garbage collector
        typedef OrderedList bucket_type;   ///< type of ordered list used as a bucket implementation
        typedef Traits      traits;        ///< Map traits

        typedef typename bucket_type::key_type          key_type        ;   ///< key type
        typedef typename bucket_type::mapped_type       mapped_type     ;   ///< value type
        typedef typename bucket_type::value_type        value_type      ;   ///< key/value pair stored in the list
        typedef typename bucket_type::key_comparator    key_comparator  ;   ///< key comparison functor

        /// Hash functor for \ref key_type and all its derivatives that you use
        typedef typename cds::opt::v::hash_selector< typename traits::hash >::type   hash;
        typedef typename traits::item_counter  item_counter;   ///< Item counter type

        /// Bucket table allocator
        typedef cds::details::Allocator< bucket_type, typename traits::allocator >  bucket_table_allocator;

        typedef typename bucket_type::rcu_lock      rcu_lock;   ///< RCU scoped lock
        typedef typename bucket_type::exempt_ptr    exempt_ptr; ///< pointer to extracted node
        /// Group of \p extract_xxx functions require external locking if underlying ordered list requires that
        static CDS_CONSTEXPR const bool c_bExtractLockExternal = bucket_type::c_bExtractLockExternal;

    protected:
        item_counter    m_ItemCounter; ///< Item counter
        hash            m_HashFunctor; ///< Hash functor
        bucket_type *   m_Buckets;     ///< bucket table

    private:
        //@cond
        const size_t    m_nHashBitmask;
        //@endcond

    protected:
        //@cond
        /// Calculates hash value of \p key
        template <typename Q>
        size_t hash_value( Q const& key ) const
        {
            return m_HashFunctor( key ) & m_nHashBitmask;
        }

        /// Returns the bucket (ordered list) for \p key
        template <typename Q>
        bucket_type&    bucket( Q const& key )
        {
            return m_Buckets[ hash_value( key ) ];
        }
        template <typename Q>
        bucket_type const&    bucket( Q const& key ) const
        {
            return m_Buckets[ hash_value( key ) ];
        }
        //@endcond
    protected:
        /// Forward iterator
        /**
            \p IsConst - constness boolean flag

            The forward iterator for Michael's map is based on \p OrderedList forward iterator and has the following features:
            - it has no post-increment operator, only pre-increment
            - it iterates items in unordered fashion
            - The iterator cannot be moved across thread boundary since it may contain GC's guard that is thread-private GC data.
            - Iterator ensures thread-safety even if you delete the item that iterator points to. However, in case of concurrent
              deleting operations it is no guarantee that you iterate all item in the map.

            Therefore, the use of iterators in concurrent environment is not good idea. Use the iterator for the concurrent container
            for debug purpose only.
        */
        template <bool IsConst>
        class iterator_type: private cds::intrusive::michael_set::details::iterator< bucket_type, IsConst >
        {
            //@cond
            typedef cds::intrusive::michael_set::details::iterator< bucket_type, IsConst >  base_class;
            friend class MichaelHashMap;
            //@endcond

        protected:
            //@cond
            //typedef typename base_class::bucket_type    bucket_type;
            typedef typename base_class::bucket_ptr     bucket_ptr;
            typedef typename base_class::list_iterator  list_iterator;

            //typedef typename bucket_type::key_type      key_type;
            //@endcond

        public:
            /// Value pointer type (const for const_iterator)
            typedef typename cds::details::make_const_type<typename MichaelHashMap::mapped_type, IsConst>::pointer   value_ptr;
            /// Value reference type (const for const_iterator)
            typedef typename cds::details::make_const_type<typename MichaelHashMap::mapped_type, IsConst>::reference value_ref;

            /// Key-value pair pointer type (const for const_iterator)
            typedef typename cds::details::make_const_type<typename MichaelHashMap::value_type, IsConst>::pointer   pair_ptr;
            /// Key-value pair reference type (const for const_iterator)
            typedef typename cds::details::make_const_type<typename MichaelHashMap::value_type, IsConst>::reference pair_ref;

        protected:
            //@cond
            iterator_type( list_iterator const& it, bucket_ptr pFirst, bucket_ptr pLast )
                : base_class( it, pFirst, pLast )
            {}
            //@endcond

        public:
            /// Default ctor
            iterator_type()
                : base_class()
            {}

            /// Copy ctor
            iterator_type( const iterator_type& src )
                : base_class( src )
            {}

            /// Dereference operator
            pair_ptr operator ->() const
            {
                assert( base_class::m_pCurBucket != nullptr );
                return base_class::m_itList.operator ->();
            }

            /// Dereference operator
            pair_ref operator *() const
            {
                assert( base_class::m_pCurBucket != nullptr );
                return base_class::m_itList.operator *();
            }

            /// Pre-increment
            iterator_type& operator ++()
            {
                base_class::operator++();
                return *this;
            }

            /// Assignment operator
            iterator_type& operator = (const iterator_type& src)
            {
                base_class::operator =(src);
                return *this;
            }

            /// Returns current bucket (debug function)
            bucket_ptr bucket() const
            {
                return base_class::bucket();
            }

            /// Equality operator
            template <bool C>
            bool operator ==(iterator_type<C> const& i )
            {
                return base_class::operator ==( i );
            }
            /// Equality operator
            template <bool C>
            bool operator !=(iterator_type<C> const& i )
            {
                return !( *this == i );
            }
        };

    public:
        /// Forward iterator
        typedef iterator_type< false >    iterator;

        /// Const forward iterator
        typedef iterator_type< true >     const_iterator;

        /// Returns a forward iterator addressing the first element in a map
        /**
            For empty map \code begin() == end() \endcode
        */
        iterator begin()
        {
            return iterator( m_Buckets[0].begin(), m_Buckets, m_Buckets + bucket_count() );
        }

        /// Returns an iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a map
        /**
            Do not use the value returned by <tt>end</tt> function to access any item.
            The returned value can be used only to control reaching the end of the map.
            For empty map \code begin() == end() \endcode
        */
        iterator end()
        {
            return iterator( m_Buckets[bucket_count() - 1].end(), m_Buckets + bucket_count() - 1, m_Buckets + bucket_count() );
        }

        /// Returns a forward const iterator addressing the first element in a map
        //@{
        const_iterator begin() const
        {
            return get_const_begin();
        }
        const_iterator cbegin() const
        {
            return get_const_begin();
        }
        //@}

        /// Returns an const iterator that addresses the location succeeding the last element in a map
        //@{
        const_iterator end() const
        {
            return get_const_end();
        }
        const_iterator cend() const
        {
            return get_const_end();
        }
        //@}

    private:
        //@cond
        const_iterator get_const_begin() const
        {
            return const_iterator( const_cast<bucket_type const&>(m_Buckets[0]).begin(), m_Buckets, m_Buckets + bucket_count() );
        }
        const_iterator get_const_end() const
        {
            return const_iterator( const_cast<bucket_type const&>(m_Buckets[bucket_count() - 1]).end(), m_Buckets + bucket_count() - 1, m_Buckets + bucket_count() );
        }
        //@endcond

    public:
        /// Initializes the map
        /** @copydetails cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_hp_ctor
        */
        MichaelHashMap(
            size_t nMaxItemCount,   ///< estimation of max item count in the hash map
            size_t nLoadFactor      ///< load factor: estimation of max number of items in the bucket
        ) : m_nHashBitmask( michael_map::details::init_hash_bitmask( nMaxItemCount, nLoadFactor ))
        {
            // GC and OrderedList::gc must be the same
            static_assert( std::is_same<gc, typename bucket_type::gc>::value, "GC and OrderedList::gc must be the same");

            // atomicity::empty_item_counter is not allowed as a item counter
            static_assert( !std::is_same<item_counter, cds::atomicity::empty_item_counter>::value,
                           "cds::atomicity::empty_item_counter is not allowed as a item counter");

            m_Buckets = bucket_table_allocator().NewArray( bucket_count() );
        }

        /// Clears hash map and destroys it
        ~MichaelHashMap()
        {
            clear();
            bucket_table_allocator().Delete( m_Buckets, bucket_count() );
        }

        /// Inserts new node with key and default value
        /**
            The function creates a node with \p key and default value, and then inserts the node created into the map.

            Preconditions:
            - The \p key_type should be constructible from value of type \p K.
                In trivial case, \p K is equal to \ref key_type.
            - The \p mapped_type should be default-constructible.

            The function applies RCU lock internally.

            Returns \p true if inserting successful, \p false otherwise.
        */
        template <typename K>
        bool insert( const K& key )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).insert( key );
            if ( bRet )
                ++m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Inserts new node
        /**
            The function creates a node with copy of \p val value
            and then inserts the node created into the map.

            Preconditions:
            - The \p key_type should be constructible from \p key of type \p K.
            - The \p mapped_type should be constructible from \p val of type \p V.

            The function applies RCU lock internally.

            Returns \p true if \p val is inserted into the map, \p false otherwise.
        */
        template <typename K, typename V>
        bool insert( K const& key, V const& val )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).insert( key, val );
            if ( bRet )
                ++m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Inserts new node and initialize it by a functor
        /**
            This function inserts new node with key \p key and if inserting is successful then it calls
            \p func functor with signature
            \code
                struct functor {
                    void operator()( value_type& item );
                };
            \endcode

            The argument \p item of user-defined functor \p func is the reference
            to the map's item inserted:
                - <tt>item.first</tt> is a const reference to item's key that cannot be changed.
                - <tt>item.second</tt> is a reference to item's value that may be changed.

            The user-defined functor is called only if inserting is successful.

            The key_type should be constructible from value of type \p K.

            The function allows to split creating of new item into two part:
            - create item from \p key;
            - insert new item into the map;
            - if inserting is successful, initialize the value of item by calling \p func functor

            This can be useful if complete initialization of object of \p mapped_type is heavyweight and
            it is preferable that the initialization should be completed only if inserting is successful.

            The function applies RCU lock internally.

            @warning For \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelKVList_rcu "MichaelKVList" as the bucket see \ref cds_intrusive_item_creating "insert item troubleshooting".
            \ref cds_nonintrusive_LazyKVList_rcu "LazyKVList" provides exclusive access to inserted item and does not require any node-level
            synchronization.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Func>
        bool insert_key( const K& key, Func func )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).insert_key( key, func );
            if ( bRet )
                ++m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }


        /// Ensures that the \p key exists in the map
        /**
            The operation performs inserting or changing data with lock-free manner.

            If the \p key not found in the map, then the new item created from \p key
            is inserted into the map (note that in this case the \ref key_type should be
            constructible from type \p K).
            Otherwise, the functor \p func is called with item found.
            The functor \p Func may be a function with signature:
            \code
                void func( bool bNew, value_type& item );
            \endcode
            or a functor:
            \code
                struct my_functor {
                    void operator()( bool bNew, value_type& item );
                };
            \endcode

            with arguments:
            - \p bNew - \p true if the item has been inserted, \p false otherwise
            - \p item - item of the list

            The functor may change any fields of the \p item.second that is \ref mapped_type.

            The function applies RCU lock internally.

            Returns <tt> std::pair<bool, bool> </tt> where \p first is true if operation is successfull,
            \p second is true if new item has been added or \p false if the item with \p key
            already is in the list.

            @warning For \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelKVList_rcu "MichaelKVList" as the bucket see \ref cds_intrusive_item_creating "insert item troubleshooting".
            \ref cds_nonintrusive_LazyKVList_rcu "LazyKVList" provides exclusive access to inserted item and does not require any node-level
            synchronization.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Func>
        std::pair<bool, bool> ensure( K const& key, Func func )
        {
            std::pair<bool, bool> bRet = bucket( key ).ensure( key, func );
            if ( bRet.first && bRet.second )
                ++m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// For key \p key inserts data of type \p mapped_type created from \p args
        /**
            \p key_type should be constructible from type \p K

            Returns \p true if inserting successful, \p false otherwise.
        */
        template <typename K, typename... Args>
        bool emplace( K&& key, Args&&... args )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).emplace( std::forward<K>(key), std::forward<Args>(args)... );
            if ( bRet )
                ++m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Deletes \p key from the map
        /** \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_erase_val

            RCU \p synchronize method can be called. RCU should not be locked.

            Return \p true if \p key is found and deleted, \p false otherwise
        */
        template <typename K>
        bool erase( const K& key )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).erase( key );
            if ( bRet )
                --m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Deletes the item from the map using \p pred predicate for searching
        /**
            The function is an analog of \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_erase_val "erase(K const&)"
            but \p pred is used for key comparing.
            \p Less predicate has the interface like \p std::less.
            \p Less must imply the same element order as the comparator used for building the map.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Less>
        bool erase_with( const K& key, Less pred )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).erase_with( key, pred );
            if ( bRet )
                --m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Deletes \p key from the map
        /** \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_erase_func

            The function searches an item with key \p key, calls \p f functor
            and deletes the item. If \p key is not found, the functor is not called.

            The functor \p Func interface:
            \code
            struct extractor {
                void operator()(value_type& item) { ... }
            };
            \endcode

            RCU \p synchronize method can be called. RCU should not be locked.

            Return \p true if key is found and deleted, \p false otherwise
        */
        template <typename K, typename Func>
        bool erase( const K& key, Func f )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).erase( key, f );
            if ( bRet )
                --m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Deletes the item from the map using \p pred predicate for searching
        /**
            The function is an analog of \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_erase_func "erase(K const&, Func)"
            but \p pred is used for key comparing.
            \p Less functor has the interface like \p std::less.
            \p Less must imply the same element order as the comparator used for building the map.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Less, typename Func>
        bool erase_with( const K& key, Less pred, Func f )
        {
            const bool bRet = bucket( key ).erase_with( key, pred, f );
            if ( bRet )
                --m_ItemCounter;
            return bRet;
        }

        /// Extracts an item from the map
        /** \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_rcu_extract
            The function searches an item with key equal to \p key,
            unlinks it from the map, places item pointer into \p dest argument, and returns \p true.
            If the item is not found the function return \p false.

            @note The function does NOT call RCU read-side lock or synchronization,
            and does NOT dispose the item found. It just excludes the item from the map
            and returns a pointer to item found.
            You should lock RCU before calling of the function, and you should synchronize RCU
            outside the RCU lock to free extracted item

            \code
            #include <cds/urcu/general_buffered.h>
            #include <cds/container/michael_kvlist_rcu.h>
            #include <cds/container/michael_map_rcu.h>

            typedef cds::urcu::gc< general_buffered<> > rcu;
            typedef cds::container::MichaelKVList< rcu, int, Foo > rcu_michael_list;
            typedef cds::container::MichaelHashMap< rcu, rcu_michael_list, foo_traits > rcu_michael_map;

            rcu_michael_map theMap;
            // ...

            rcu_michael_map::exempt_ptr p;
            {
                // first, we should lock RCU
                rcu_michael_map::rcu_lock lock;

                // Now, you can apply extract function
                // Note that you must not delete the item found inside the RCU lock
                if ( theMap.extract( p, 10 )) {
                    // do something with p
                    ...
                }
            }

            // We may safely release p here
            // release() passes the pointer to RCU reclamation cycle
            p.release();
            \endcode
        */
        template <typename K>
        bool extract( exempt_ptr& dest, K const& key )
        {
            if ( bucket( key ).extract( dest, key )) {
                --m_ItemCounter;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        /// Extracts an item from the map using \p pred predicate for searching
        /**
            The function is an analog of \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_rcu_extract "extract(exempt_ptr&, K const&)"
            but \p pred is used for key comparing.
            \p Less functor has the interface like \p std::less.
            \p pred must imply the same element order as the comparator used for building the map.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Less>
        bool extract_with( exempt_ptr& dest, K const& key, Less pred )
        {
            if ( bucket( key ).extract_with( dest, key, pred )) {
                --m_ItemCounter;
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }

        /// Finds the key \p key
        /** \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_find_cfunc

            The function searches the item with key equal to \p key and calls the functor \p f for item found.
            The interface of \p Func functor is:
            \code
            struct functor {
                void operator()( value_type& item );
            };
            \endcode
            where \p item is the item found.

            The functor may change \p item.second. Note that the functor is only guarantee
            that \p item cannot be disposed during functor is executing.
            The functor does not serialize simultaneous access to the map's \p item. If such access is
            possible you must provide your own synchronization schema on item level to exclude unsafe item modifications.

            The function applies RCU lock internally.

            The function returns \p true if \p key is found, \p false otherwise.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Func>
        bool find( K const& key, Func f ) const
        {
            return bucket( key ).find( key, f );
        }

        /// Finds the key \p val using \p pred predicate for searching
        /**
            The function is an analog of \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_find_cfunc "find(K const&, Func)"
            but \p pred is used for key comparing.
            \p Less functor has the interface like \p std::less.
            \p Less must imply the same element order as the comparator used for building the map.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Less, typename Func>
        bool find_with( K const& key, Less pred, Func f ) const
        {
            return bucket( key ).find_with( key, pred, f );
        }

        /// Finds the key \p key
        /** \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_find_val

            The function searches the item with key equal to \p key
            and returns \p true if it is found, and \p false otherwise.

            The function applies RCU lock internally.
        */
        template <typename K>
        bool find( K const& key ) const
        {
            return bucket( key ).find( key );
        }

        /// Finds the key \p val using \p pred predicate for searching
        /**
            The function is an analog of \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelMap_rcu_find_val "find(K const&)"
            but \p pred is used for key comparing.
            \p Less functor has the interface like \p std::less.
            \p Less must imply the same element order as the comparator used for building the map.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Less>
        bool find_with( K const& key, Less pred ) const
        {
            return bucket( key ).find_with( key, pred );
        }

        /// Finds \p key and return the item found
        /** \anchor cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_rcu_get
            The function searches the item with key equal to \p key and returns the pointer to item found.
            If \p key is not found it returns \p nullptr.

            Note the compare functor should accept a parameter of type \p K that can be not the same as \p key_type.

            RCU should be locked before call of this function.
            Returned item is valid only while RCU is locked:
            \code
            typedef cds::container::MichaelHashMap< your_template_parameters > hash_map;
            hash_map theMap;
            // ...
            {
                // Lock RCU
                hash_map::rcu_lock lock;

                hash_map::value_type * = theMap.get( 5 );
                if ( pVal ) {
                    // Deal with pVal
                    //...
                }
                // Unlock RCU by rcu_lock destructor
                // pVal can be freed at any time after RCU has been unlocked
            }
            \endcode
        */
        template <typename K>
        value_type * get( K const& key ) const
        {
            return bucket( key ).get( key );
        }

        /// Finds \p key and return the item found
        /**
            The function is an analog of \ref cds_nonintrusive_MichaelHashMap_rcu_get "get(K const&)"
            but \p pred is used for comparing the keys.

            \p Less functor has the semantics like \p std::less but should take arguments of type \ref key_type and \p K
            in any order.
            \p pred must imply the same element order as the comparator used for building the map.
        */
        template <typename K, typename Less>
        value_type * get_with( K const& key, Less pred ) const
        {
            return bucket( key ).get_with( key, pred );
        }

        /// Clears the map (not atomic)
        /**
            The function erases all items from the map.

            The function is not atomic. It cleans up each bucket and then resets the item counter to zero.
            If there are a thread that performs insertion while \p clear is working the result is undefined in general case:
            <tt> empty() </tt> may return \p true but the map may contain item(s).
            Therefore, \p clear may be used only for debugging purposes.

            RCU \p synchronize method can be called. RCU should not be locked.
        */
        void clear()
        {
            for ( size_t i = 0; i < bucket_count(); ++i )
                m_Buckets[i].clear();
            m_ItemCounter.reset();
        }

        /// Checks if the map is empty
        /**
            Emptiness is checked by item counting: if item count is zero then the map is empty.
            Thus, the correct item counting is an important part of the map implementation.
        */
        bool empty() const
        {
            return size() == 0;
        }

        /// Returns item count in the map
        size_t size() const
        {
            return m_ItemCounter;
        }

        /// Returns the size of hash table
        /**
            Since \p %MichaelHashMap cannot dynamically extend the hash table size,
            the value returned is an constant depending on object initialization parameters;
            see \p MichaelHashMap::MichaelHashMap for explanation.
        */
        size_t bucket_count() const
        {
            return m_nHashBitmask + 1;
        }
    };
}}  // namespace cds::container

#endif // ifndef __CDS_CONTAINER_MICHAEL_MAP_RCU_H