folly/wangle -> wangle cutover

[folly.git] / folly / Subprocess.h

/*
 * Copyright 2015 Facebook, Inc.
 *
 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 * limitations under the License.
 */

/**
 * Subprocess library, modeled after Python's subprocess module
 * (http://docs.python.org/2/library/subprocess.html)
 *
 * This library defines one class (Subprocess) which represents a child
 * process.  Subprocess has two constructors: one that takes a vector<string>
 * and executes the given executable without using the shell, and one
 * that takes a string and executes the given command using the shell.
 * Subprocess allows you to redirect the child's standard input, standard
 * output, and standard error to/from child descriptors in the parent,
 * or to create communication pipes between the child and the parent.
 *
 * The simplest example is a thread-safe [1] version of the system() library
 * function:
 *    Subprocess(cmd).wait();
 * which executes the command using the default shell and waits for it
 * to complete, returning the exit status.
 *
 * A thread-safe [1] version of popen() (type="r", to read from the child):
 *    Subprocess proc(cmd, Subprocess::pipeStdout());
 *    // read from proc.stdout()
 *    proc.wait();
 *
 * A thread-safe [1] version of popen() (type="w", to write to the child):
 *    Subprocess proc(cmd, Subprocess::pipeStdin());
 *    // write to proc.stdin()
 *    proc.wait();
 *
 * If you want to redirect both stdin and stdout to pipes, you can, but note
 * that you're subject to a variety of deadlocks.  You'll want to use
 * nonblocking I/O, like the callback version of communicate().
 *
 * The string or IOBuf-based variants of communicate() are the simplest way
 * to communicate with a child via its standard input, standard output, and
 * standard error.  They buffer everything in memory, so they are not great
 * for large amounts of data (or long-running processes), but they are much
 * simpler than the callback version.
 *
 * == A note on thread-safety ==
 *
 * [1] "thread-safe" refers ONLY to the fact that Subprocess is very careful
 * to fork in a way that does not cause grief in multithreaded programs.
 *
 * Caveat: If your system does not have the atomic pipe2 system call, it is
 * not safe to concurrently call Subprocess from different threads.
 * Therefore, it is best to have a single thread be responsible for spawning
 * subprocesses.
 *
 * A particular instances of Subprocess is emphatically **not** thread-safe.
 * If you need to simultaneously communicate via the pipes, and interact
 * with the Subprocess state, your best bet is to:
 *  - takeOwnershipOfPipes() to separate the pipe I/O from the subprocess.
 *  - Only interact with the Subprocess from one thread at a time.
 *
 * The current implementation of communicate() cannot be safely interrupted.
 * To do so correctly, one would need to use EventFD, or open a dedicated
 * pipe to be messaged from a different thread -- in particular, kill() will
 * not do, since a descendant may keep the pipes open indefinitely.
 *
 * So, once you call communicate(), you must wait for it to return, and not
 * touch the pipes from other threads.  closeParentFd() is emphatically
 * unsafe to call concurrently, and even sendSignal() is not a good idea.
 * You can perhaps give the Subprocess's PID to a different thread before
 * starting communicate(), and use that PID to send a signal without
 * accessing the Subprocess object.  In that case, you will need a mutex
 * that ensures you don't wait() before you sent said signal.  In a
 * nutshell, don't do this.
 *
 * In fact, signals are inherently concurrency-unsafe on Unix: if you signal
 * a PID, while another thread is in waitpid(), the signal may fire either
 * before or after the process is reaped.  This means that your signal can,
 * in pathological circumstances, be delivered to the wrong process (ouch!).
 * To avoid this, you should only use non-blocking waits (i.e. poll()), and
 * make sure to serialize your signals (i.e. kill()) with the waits --
 * either wait & signal from the same thread, or use a mutex.
 */
#ifndef FOLLY_SUBPROCESS_H_
#define FOLLY_SUBPROCESS_H_

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <signal.h>
#if __APPLE__
#include <sys/wait.h>
#else
#include <wait.h>
#endif

#include <exception>
#include <vector>
#include <string>

#include <boost/container/flat_map.hpp>
#include <boost/operators.hpp>

#include <folly/File.h>
#include <folly/FileUtil.h>
#include <folly/gen/String.h>
#include <folly/io/IOBufQueue.h>
#include <folly/MapUtil.h>
#include <folly/Portability.h>
#include <folly/Range.h>

namespace folly {

/**
 * Class to wrap a process return code.
 */
class Subprocess;
class ProcessReturnCode {
  friend class Subprocess;
 public:
  enum State {
    NOT_STARTED,
    RUNNING,
    EXITED,
    KILLED
  };

  // Trivially copyable
  ProcessReturnCode(const ProcessReturnCode& p) = default;
  ProcessReturnCode& operator=(const ProcessReturnCode& p) = default;
  // Non-default move: In order for Subprocess to be movable, the "moved
  // out" state must not be "running", or ~Subprocess() will abort.
  ProcessReturnCode(ProcessReturnCode&& p) noexcept;
  ProcessReturnCode& operator=(ProcessReturnCode&& p) noexcept;

  /**
   * Process state.  One of:
   * NOT_STARTED: process hasn't been started successfully
   * RUNNING: process is currently running
   * EXITED: process exited (successfully or not)
   * KILLED: process was killed by a signal.
   */
  State state() const;

  /**
   * Helper wrappers around state().
   */
  bool notStarted() const { return state() == NOT_STARTED; }
  bool running() const { return state() == RUNNING; }
  bool exited() const { return state() == EXITED; }
  bool killed() const { return state() == KILLED; }

  /**
   * Exit status.  Only valid if state() == EXITED; throws otherwise.
   */
  int exitStatus() const;

  /**
   * Signal that caused the process's termination.  Only valid if
   * state() == KILLED; throws otherwise.
   */
  int killSignal() const;

  /**
   * Was a core file generated?  Only valid if state() == KILLED; throws
   * otherwise.
   */
  bool coreDumped() const;

  /**
   * String representation; one of
   * "not started"
   * "running"
   * "exited with status <status>"
   * "killed by signal <signal>"
   * "killed by signal <signal> (core dumped)"
   */
  std::string str() const;

  /**
   * Helper function to enforce a precondition based on this.
   * Throws std::logic_error if in an unexpected state.
   */
  void enforce(State state) const;
 private:
  explicit ProcessReturnCode(int rv) : rawStatus_(rv) { }
  static constexpr int RV_NOT_STARTED = -2;
  static constexpr int RV_RUNNING = -1;

  int rawStatus_;
};

/**
 * Base exception thrown by the Subprocess methods.
 */
class SubprocessError : public std::exception {};

/**
 * Exception thrown by *Checked methods of Subprocess.
 */
class CalledProcessError : public SubprocessError {
 public:
  explicit CalledProcessError(ProcessReturnCode rc);
  ~CalledProcessError() throw() = default;
  const char* what() const throw() FOLLY_OVERRIDE { return what_.c_str(); }
  ProcessReturnCode returnCode() const { return returnCode_; }
 private:
  ProcessReturnCode returnCode_;
  std::string what_;
};

/**
 * Exception thrown if the subprocess cannot be started.
 */
class SubprocessSpawnError : public SubprocessError {
 public:
  SubprocessSpawnError(const char* executable, int errCode, int errnoValue);
  ~SubprocessSpawnError() throw() = default;
  const char* what() const throw() FOLLY_OVERRIDE { return what_.c_str(); }
  int errnoValue() const { return errnoValue_; }

 private:
  int errnoValue_;
  std::string what_;
};

/**
 * Subprocess.
 */
class Subprocess {
 public:
  static const int CLOSE = -1;
  static const int PIPE = -2;
  static const int PIPE_IN = -3;
  static const int PIPE_OUT = -4;

  /**
   * Class representing various options: file descriptor behavior, and
   * whether to use $PATH for searching for the executable,
   *
   * By default, we don't use $PATH, file descriptors are closed if
   * the close-on-exec flag is set (fcntl FD_CLOEXEC) and inherited
   * otherwise.
   */
  class Options : private boost::orable<Options> {
    friend class Subprocess;
   public:
    Options() {}  // E.g. https://gcc.gnu.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=58328

    /**
     * Change action for file descriptor fd.
     *
     * "action" may be another file descriptor number (dup2()ed before the
     * child execs), or one of CLOSE, PIPE_IN, and PIPE_OUT.
     *
     * CLOSE: close the file descriptor in the child
     * PIPE_IN: open a pipe *from* the child
     * PIPE_OUT: open a pipe *to* the child
     *
     * PIPE is a shortcut; same as PIPE_IN for stdin (fd 0), same as
     * PIPE_OUT for stdout (fd 1) or stderr (fd 2), and an error for
     * other file descriptors.
     */
    Options& fd(int fd, int action);

    /**
     * Shortcut to change the action for standard input.
     */
    Options& stdin(int action) { return fd(STDIN_FILENO, action); }

    /**
     * Shortcut to change the action for standard output.
     */
    Options& stdout(int action) { return fd(STDOUT_FILENO, action); }

    /**
     * Shortcut to change the action for standard error.
     * Note that stderr(1) will redirect the standard error to the same
     * file descriptor as standard output; the equivalent of bash's "2>&1"
     */
    Options& stderr(int action) { return fd(STDERR_FILENO, action); }

    Options& pipeStdin() { return fd(STDIN_FILENO, PIPE_IN); }
    Options& pipeStdout() { return fd(STDOUT_FILENO, PIPE_OUT); }
    Options& pipeStderr() { return fd(STDERR_FILENO, PIPE_OUT); }

    /**
     * Close all other fds (other than standard input, output, error,
     * and file descriptors explicitly specified with fd()).
     *
     * This is potentially slow; it's generally a better idea to
     * set the close-on-exec flag on all file descriptors that shouldn't
     * be inherited by the child.
     *
     * Even with this option set, standard input, output, and error are
     * not closed; use stdin(CLOSE), stdout(CLOSE), stderr(CLOSE) if you
     * desire this.
     */
    Options& closeOtherFds() { closeOtherFds_ = true; return *this; }

    /**
     * Use the search path ($PATH) when searching for the executable.
     */
    Options& usePath() { usePath_ = true; return *this; }

    /**
     * Change the child's working directory, after the vfork.
     */
    Options& chdir(const std::string& dir) { childDir_ = dir; return *this; }

#if __linux__
    /**
     * Child will receive a signal when the parent exits.
     */
    Options& parentDeathSignal(int sig) {
      parentDeathSignal_ = sig;
      return *this;
    }
#endif

    /**
     * Child will be made a process group leader when it starts. Upside: one
     * can reliably all its kill non-daemonizing descendants.  Downside: the
     * child will not receive Ctrl-C etc during interactive use.
     */
    Options& processGroupLeader() {
      processGroupLeader_ = true;
      return *this;
    }

    /**
     * Helpful way to combine Options.
     */
    Options& operator|=(const Options& other);

   private:
    typedef boost::container::flat_map<int, int> FdMap;
    FdMap fdActions_;
    bool closeOtherFds_{false};
    bool usePath_{false};
    std::string childDir_;  // "" keeps the parent's working directory
#if __linux__
    int parentDeathSignal_{0};
#endif
    bool processGroupLeader_{false};
  };

  static Options pipeStdin() { return Options().stdin(PIPE); }
  static Options pipeStdout() { return Options().stdout(PIPE); }
  static Options pipeStderr() { return Options().stderr(PIPE); }

  // Non-copiable, but movable
  Subprocess(const Subprocess&) = delete;
  Subprocess& operator=(const Subprocess&) = delete;
  Subprocess(Subprocess&&) = default;
  Subprocess& operator=(Subprocess&&) = default;

  /**
   * Create a subprocess from the given arguments.  argv[0] must be listed.
   * If not-null, executable must be the actual executable
   * being used (otherwise it's the same as argv[0]).
   *
   * If env is not-null, it must contain name=value strings to be used
   * as the child's environment; otherwise, we inherit the environment
   * from the parent.  env must be null if options.usePath is set.
   */
  explicit Subprocess(
      const std::vector<std::string>& argv,
      const Options& options = Options(),
      const char* executable = nullptr,
      const std::vector<std::string>* env = nullptr);
  ~Subprocess();

  /**
   * Create a subprocess run as a shell command (as shell -c 'command')
   *
   * The shell to use is taken from the environment variable $SHELL,
   * or /bin/sh if $SHELL is unset.
   */
  explicit Subprocess(
      const std::string& cmd,
      const Options& options = Options(),
      const std::vector<std::string>* env = nullptr);

  ////
  //// The methods below only manipulate the process state, and do not
  //// affect its communication pipes.
  ////

  /**
   * Return the child's pid, or -1 if the child wasn't successfully spawned
   * or has already been wait()ed upon.
   */
  pid_t pid() const;

  /**
   * Return the child's status (as per wait()) if the process has already
   * been waited on, -1 if the process is still running, or -2 if the
   * process hasn't been successfully started.  NOTE that this does not call
   * waitpid() or Subprocess::poll(), but simply returns the status stored
   * in the Subprocess object.
   */
  ProcessReturnCode returnCode() const { return returnCode_; }

  /**
   * Poll the child's status and return it, return -1 if the process
   * is still running.  NOTE that it is illegal to call poll again after
   * poll indicated that the process has terminated, or to call poll on a
   * process that hasn't been successfully started (the constructor threw an
   * exception).
   */
  ProcessReturnCode poll();

  /**
   * Poll the child's status.  If the process is still running, return false.
   * Otherwise, return true if the process exited with status 0 (success),
   * or throw CalledProcessError if the process exited with a non-zero status.
   */
  bool pollChecked();

  /**
   * Wait for the process to terminate and return its status.
   * Similarly to poll, it is illegal to call wait after the process
   * has already been reaped or if the process has not successfully started.
   */
  ProcessReturnCode wait();

  /**
   * Wait for the process to terminate, throw if unsuccessful.
   */
  void waitChecked();

  /**
   * Send a signal to the child.  Shortcuts for the commonly used Unix
   * signals are below.
   */
  void sendSignal(int signal);
  void terminate() { sendSignal(SIGTERM); }
  void kill() { sendSignal(SIGKILL); }

  ////
  //// The methods below only affect the process's communication pipes, but
  //// not its return code or state (they do not poll() or wait()).
  ////

  /**
   * Communicate with the child until all pipes to/from the child are closed.
   *
   * The input buffer is written to the process' stdin pipe, and data is read
   * from the stdout and stderr pipes.  Non-blocking I/O is performed on all
   * pipes simultaneously to avoid deadlocks.
   *
   * The stdin pipe will be closed after the full input buffer has been written.
   * An error will be thrown if a non-empty input buffer is supplied but stdin
   * was not configured as a pipe.
   *
   * Returns a pair of buffers containing the data read from stdout and stderr.
   * If stdout or stderr is not a pipe, an empty IOBuf queue will be returned
   * for the respective buffer.
   *
   * Note that communicate() and communicateIOBuf() both return when all
   * pipes to/from the child are closed; the child might stay alive after
   * that, so you must still wait().
   *
   * communicateIOBuf() uses IOBufQueue for buffering (which has the
   * advantage that it won't try to allocate all data at once), but it does
   * store the subprocess's entire output in memory before returning.
   *
   * communicate() uses strings for simplicity.
   */
  std::pair<IOBufQueue, IOBufQueue> communicateIOBuf(
      IOBufQueue input = IOBufQueue());

  std::pair<std::string, std::string> communicate(
      StringPiece input = StringPiece());

  /**
   * Communicate with the child until all pipes to/from the child are closed.
   *
   * == Semantics ==
   *
   * readCallback(pfd, cfd) will be called whenever there's data available
   * on any pipe *from* the child (PIPE_OUT).  pfd is the file descriptor
   * in the parent (that you use to read from); cfd is the file descriptor
   * in the child (used for identifying the stream; 1 = child's standard
   * output, 2 = child's standard error, etc)
   *
   * writeCallback(pfd, cfd) will be called whenever a pipe *to* the child is
   * writable (PIPE_IN).  pfd is the file descriptor in the parent (that you
   * use to write to); cfd is the file descriptor in the child (used for
   * identifying the stream; 0 = child's standard input, etc)
   *
   * The read and write callbacks must read from / write to pfd and return
   * false during normal operation.  Return true to tell communicate() to
   * close the pipe.  For readCallback, this might send SIGPIPE to the
   * child, or make its writes fail with EPIPE, so you should generally
   * avoid returning true unless you've reached end-of-file.
   *
   * communicate() returns when all pipes to/from the child are closed; the
   * child might stay alive after that, so you must still wait().
   * Conversely, the child may quit long before its pipes are closed, since
   * its descendants can keep them alive forever.
   *
   * Most users won't need to use this callback version; the simpler version
   * of communicate (which buffers data in memory) will probably work fine.
   *
   * == Things you must get correct ==
   *
   * 1) You MUST consume all data passed to readCallback (or return true to
   * close the pipe).  Similarly, you MUST write to a writable pipe (or
   * return true to close the pipe).  To do otherwise is an error that can
   * result in a deadlock.  You must do this even for pipes you are not
   * interested in.
   *
   * 2) pfd is nonblocking, so be prepared for read() / write() to return -1
   * and set errno to EAGAIN (in which case you should return false).  Use
   * readNoInt() from FileUtil.h to handle interrupted reads for you.
   *
   * 3) Your callbacks MUST NOT call any of the Subprocess methods that
   * manipulate the pipe FDs.  Check the docblocks, but, for example,
   * neither closeParentFd (return true instead) nor takeOwnershipOfPipes
   * are safe.  Stick to reading/writing from pfd, as appropriate.
   *
   * == Good to know ==
   *
   * 1) See ReadLinesCallback for an easy way to consume the child's output
   * streams line-by-line (or tokenized by another delimiter).
   *
   * 2) "Wait until the descendants close the pipes" is usually the behavior
   * you want, since the descendants may have something to say even if the
   * immediate child is dead.  If you need to be able to force-close all
   * parent FDs, communicate() will NOT work for you.  Do it your own way by
   * using takeOwnershipOfPipes().
   *
   * Why not? You can return "true" from your callbacks to sever active
   * pipes, but inactive ones can remain open indefinitely.  It is
   * impossible to safely close inactive pipes while another thread is
   * blocked in communicate().  This is BY DESIGN.  Racing communicate()'s
   * read/write callbacks can result in wrong I/O and data corruption.  This
   * class would need internal synchronization and timeouts, a poor and
   * expensive implementation choice, in order to make closeParentFd()
   * thread-safe.
   */
  typedef std::function<bool(int, int)> FdCallback;
  void communicate(FdCallback readCallback, FdCallback writeCallback);

  /**
   * A readCallback for Subprocess::communicate() that helps you consume
   * lines (or other delimited pieces) from your subprocess's file
   * descriptors.  Use the readLinesCallback() helper to get template
   * deduction.  For example:
   *
   *   auto read_cb = Subprocess::readLinesCallback(
   *     [](int fd, folly::StringPiece s) {
   *       std::cout << fd << " said: " << s;
   *       return false;  // Keep reading from the child
   *     }
   *   );
   *   subprocess.communicate(
   *     // ReadLinesCallback contains StreamSplitter contains IOBuf, making
   *     // it noncopyable, whereas std::function must be copyable.  So, we
   *     // keep the callback in a local, and instead pass a reference.
   *     std::ref(read_cb),
   *     [](int pdf, int cfd){ return true; }  // Don't write to the child
   *   );
   *
   * If a file line exceeds maxLineLength, your callback will get some
   * initial chunks of maxLineLength with no trailing delimiters.  The final
   * chunk of a line is delimiter-terminated iff the delimiter was present
   * in the input.  In particular, the last line in a file always lacks a
   * delimiter -- so if a file ends on a delimiter, the final line is empty.
   *
   * Like a regular communicate() callback, your fdLineCb() normally returns
   * false.  It may return true to tell Subprocess to close the underlying
   * file descriptor.  The child process may then receive SIGPIPE or get
   * EPIPE errors on writes.
   */
  template <class Callback>
  class ReadLinesCallback {
   private:
    // Binds an FD to the client-provided FD+line callback
    struct StreamSplitterCallback {
      StreamSplitterCallback(Callback& cb, int fd) : cb_(cb), fd_(fd) { }
      // The return value semantics are inverted vs StreamSplitter
      bool operator()(StringPiece s) { return !cb_(fd_, s); }
      Callback& cb_;
      int fd_;
    };
    typedef gen::StreamSplitter<StreamSplitterCallback> LineSplitter;
   public:
    explicit ReadLinesCallback(
      Callback&& fdLineCb,
      uint64_t maxLineLength = 0,  // No line length limit by default
      char delimiter = '\n',
      uint64_t bufSize = 1024
    ) : fdLineCb_(std::move(fdLineCb)),
        maxLineLength_(maxLineLength),
        delimiter_(delimiter),
        bufSize_(bufSize) {}

    bool operator()(int pfd, int cfd) {
      // Make a splitter for this cfd if it doesn't already exist
      auto it = fdToSplitter_.find(cfd);
      auto& splitter = (it != fdToSplitter_.end()) ? it->second
        : fdToSplitter_.emplace(cfd, LineSplitter(
            delimiter_, StreamSplitterCallback(fdLineCb_, cfd), maxLineLength_
          )).first->second;
      // Read as much as we can from this FD
      char buf[bufSize_];
      while (true) {
        ssize_t ret = readNoInt(pfd, buf, bufSize_);
        if (ret == -1 && errno == EAGAIN) {  // No more data for now
          return false;
        }
        if (ret == 0) {  // Reached end-of-file
          splitter.flush();  // Ignore return since the file is over anyway
          return true;
        }
        if (!splitter(StringPiece(buf, ret))) {
          return true;  // The callback told us to stop
        }
      }
    }

   private:
    Callback fdLineCb_;
    const uint64_t maxLineLength_;
    const char delimiter_;
    const uint64_t bufSize_;
    // We lazily make splitters for all cfds that get used.
    std::unordered_map<int, LineSplitter> fdToSplitter_;
  };

  // Helper to enable template deduction
  template <class Callback>
  static ReadLinesCallback<Callback> readLinesCallback(
      Callback&& fdLineCb,
      uint64_t maxLineLength = 0,  // No line length limit by default
      char delimiter = '\n',
      uint64_t bufSize = 1024) {
    return ReadLinesCallback<Callback>(
      std::move(fdLineCb), maxLineLength, delimiter, bufSize
    );
  }

  /**
   * communicate() callbacks can use this to temporarily enable/disable
   * notifications (callbacks) for a pipe to/from the child.  By default,
   * all are enabled.  Useful for "chatty" communication -- you want to
   * disable write callbacks until you receive the expected message.
   *
   * Disabling a pipe does not free you from the requirement to consume all
   * incoming data.  Failing to do so will easily create deadlock bugs.
   *
   * Throws if the childFd is not known.
   */
  void enableNotifications(int childFd, bool enabled);

  /**
   * Are notifications for one pipe to/from child enabled?  Throws if the
   * childFd is not known.
   */
  bool notificationsEnabled(int childFd) const;

  ////
  //// The following methods are meant for the cases when communicate() is
  //// not suitable.  You should not need them when you call communicate(),
  //// and, in fact, it is INHERENTLY UNSAFE to use closeParentFd() or
  //// takeOwnershipOfPipes() from a communicate() callback.
  ////

  /**
   * Close the parent file descriptor given a file descriptor in the child.
   * DO NOT USE from communicate() callbacks; make them return true instead.
   */
  void closeParentFd(int childFd);

  /**
   * Set all pipes from / to child to be non-blocking.  communicate() does
   * this for you.
   */
  void setAllNonBlocking();

  /**
   * Get parent file descriptor corresponding to the given file descriptor
   * in the child.  Throws if childFd isn't a pipe (PIPE_IN / PIPE_OUT).
   * Do not close() the returned file descriptor; use closeParentFd, above.
   */
  int parentFd(int childFd) const {
    return pipes_[findByChildFd(childFd)].pipe.fd();
  }
  int stdin() const { return parentFd(0); }
  int stdout() const { return parentFd(1); }
  int stderr() const { return parentFd(2); }

  /**
   * The child's pipes are logically separate from the process metadata
   * (they may even be kept alive by the child's descendants).  This call
   * lets you manage the pipes' lifetime separetely from the lifetime of the
   * child process.
   *
   * After this call, the Subprocess instance will have no knowledge of
   * these pipes, and the caller assumes responsibility for managing their
   * lifetimes.  Pro-tip: prefer to explicitly close() the pipes, since
   * folly::File would otherwise silently suppress I/O errors.
   *
   * No, you may NOT call this from a communicate() callback.
   */
  struct ChildPipe {
    ChildPipe(int fd, folly::File&& ppe) : childFd(fd), pipe(std::move(ppe)) {}
    int childFd;
    folly::File pipe;  // Owns the parent FD
  };
  std::vector<ChildPipe> takeOwnershipOfPipes();

 private:
  static const int RV_RUNNING = ProcessReturnCode::RV_RUNNING;
  static const int RV_NOT_STARTED = ProcessReturnCode::RV_NOT_STARTED;

  // spawn() sets up a pipe to read errors from the child,
  // then calls spawnInternal() to do the bulk of the work.  Once
  // spawnInternal() returns it reads the error pipe to see if the child
  // encountered any errors.
  void spawn(
      std::unique_ptr<const char*[]> argv,
      const char* executable,
      const Options& options,
      const std::vector<std::string>* env);
  void spawnInternal(
      std::unique_ptr<const char*[]> argv,
      const char* executable,
      Options& options,
      const std::vector<std::string>* env,
      int errFd);

  // Actions to run in child.
  // Note that this runs after vfork(), so tread lightly.
  // Returns 0 on success, or an errno value on failure.
  int prepareChild(const Options& options,
                   const sigset_t* sigmask,
                   const char* childDir) const;
  int runChild(const char* executable, char** argv, char** env,
               const Options& options) const;

  /**
   * Read from the error pipe, and throw SubprocessSpawnError if the child
   * failed before calling exec().
   */
  void readChildErrorPipe(int pfd, const char* executable);

  // Returns an index into pipes_. Throws std::invalid_argument if not found.
  size_t findByChildFd(const int childFd) const;


  pid_t pid_;
  ProcessReturnCode returnCode_;

  /**
   * Represents a pipe between this process, and the child process (or its
   * descendant).  To interact with these pipes, you can use communicate(),
   * or use parentFd() and related methods, or separate them from the
   * Subprocess instance entirely via takeOwnershipOfPipes().
   */
  struct Pipe : private boost::totally_ordered<Pipe> {
    folly::File pipe; // Our end of the pipe, wrapped in a File to auto-close.
    int childFd = -1; // Identifies the pipe: what FD is this in the child?
    int direction = PIPE_IN; // one of PIPE_IN / PIPE_OUT
    bool enabled = true; // Are notifications enabled in communicate()?

    bool operator<(const Pipe& other) const {
      return childFd < other.childFd;
    }
    bool operator==(const Pipe& other) const {
      return childFd == other.childFd;
    }
  };

  // Populated at process start according to fdActions, empty after
  // takeOwnershipOfPipes().  Sorted by childFd.  Can only have elements
  // erased, but not inserted, after being populated.
  //
  // The number of pipes between parent and child is assumed to be small,
  // so we're happy with a vector here, even if it means linear erase.
  std::vector<Pipe> pipes_;
};

inline Subprocess::Options& Subprocess::Options::operator|=(
    const Subprocess::Options& other) {
  if (this == &other) return *this;
  // Replace
  for (auto& p : other.fdActions_) {
    fdActions_[p.first] = p.second;
  }
  closeOtherFds_ |= other.closeOtherFds_;
  usePath_ |= other.usePath_;
  processGroupLeader_ |= other.processGroupLeader_;
  return *this;
}

}  // namespace folly

#endif /* FOLLY_SUBPROCESS_H_ */