Enhance a bunch of transformations in instcombine to start generating

Enhance a bunch of transformations in instcombine to start generating
exact/nsw/nuw shifts and have instcombine infer them when it can prove
that the relevant properties are true for a given shift without them.

Also, a variety of refactoring to use the new patternmatch logic thrown
in for good luck.  I believe that this takes care of a bunch of related
code quality issues attached to PR8862.

git-svn-id: https://llvm.org/svn/llvm-project/llvm/trunk@125267 91177308-0d34-0410-b5e6-96231b3b80d8