1 //===-- X86MCCodeEmitter.cpp - Convert X86 code to machine code -----------===//
3 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
10 // This file implements the X86MCCodeEmitter class.
12 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
14 #define DEBUG_TYPE "mccodeemitter"
15 #include "MCTargetDesc/X86MCTargetDesc.h"
16 #include "MCTargetDesc/X86BaseInfo.h"
17 #include "MCTargetDesc/X86FixupKinds.h"
18 #include "llvm/MC/MCCodeEmitter.h"
19 #include "llvm/MC/MCExpr.h"
20 #include "llvm/MC/MCInst.h"
21 #include "llvm/MC/MCInstrInfo.h"
22 #include "llvm/MC/MCRegisterInfo.h"
23 #include "llvm/MC/MCSubtargetInfo.h"
24 #include "llvm/MC/MCSymbol.h"
25 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
30 class X86MCCodeEmitter : public MCCodeEmitter {
31 X86MCCodeEmitter(const X86MCCodeEmitter &); // DO NOT IMPLEMENT
32 void operator=(const X86MCCodeEmitter &); // DO NOT IMPLEMENT
33 const MCInstrInfo &MCII;
34 const MCSubtargetInfo &STI;
37 X86MCCodeEmitter(const MCInstrInfo &mcii, const MCSubtargetInfo &sti,
39 : MCII(mcii), STI(sti), Ctx(ctx) {
42 ~X86MCCodeEmitter() {}
44 bool is64BitMode() const {
45 // FIXME: Can tablegen auto-generate this?
46 return (STI.getFeatureBits() & X86::Mode64Bit) != 0;
49 bool is32BitMode() const {
50 // FIXME: Can tablegen auto-generate this?
51 return (STI.getFeatureBits() & X86::Mode64Bit) == 0;
54 static unsigned GetX86RegNum(const MCOperand &MO) {
55 return X86_MC::getX86RegNum(MO.getReg());
58 // On regular x86, both XMM0-XMM7 and XMM8-XMM15 are encoded in the range
59 // 0-7 and the difference between the 2 groups is given by the REX prefix.
60 // In the VEX prefix, registers are seen sequencially from 0-15 and encoded
61 // in 1's complement form, example:
63 // ModRM field => XMM9 => 1
64 // VEX.VVVV => XMM9 => ~9
66 // See table 4-35 of Intel AVX Programming Reference for details.
67 static unsigned char getVEXRegisterEncoding(const MCInst &MI,
69 unsigned SrcReg = MI.getOperand(OpNum).getReg();
70 unsigned SrcRegNum = GetX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(OpNum));
71 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(SrcReg))
74 // The registers represented through VEX_VVVV should
75 // be encoded in 1's complement form.
76 return (~SrcRegNum) & 0xf;
79 void EmitByte(unsigned char C, unsigned &CurByte, raw_ostream &OS) const {
84 void EmitConstant(uint64_t Val, unsigned Size, unsigned &CurByte,
85 raw_ostream &OS) const {
86 // Output the constant in little endian byte order.
87 for (unsigned i = 0; i != Size; ++i) {
88 EmitByte(Val & 255, CurByte, OS);
93 void EmitImmediate(const MCOperand &Disp, SMLoc Loc,
94 unsigned ImmSize, MCFixupKind FixupKind,
95 unsigned &CurByte, raw_ostream &OS,
96 SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups,
97 int ImmOffset = 0) const;
99 inline static unsigned char ModRMByte(unsigned Mod, unsigned RegOpcode,
101 assert(Mod < 4 && RegOpcode < 8 && RM < 8 && "ModRM Fields out of range!");
102 return RM | (RegOpcode << 3) | (Mod << 6);
105 void EmitRegModRMByte(const MCOperand &ModRMReg, unsigned RegOpcodeFld,
106 unsigned &CurByte, raw_ostream &OS) const {
107 EmitByte(ModRMByte(3, RegOpcodeFld, GetX86RegNum(ModRMReg)), CurByte, OS);
110 void EmitSIBByte(unsigned SS, unsigned Index, unsigned Base,
111 unsigned &CurByte, raw_ostream &OS) const {
112 // SIB byte is in the same format as the ModRMByte.
113 EmitByte(ModRMByte(SS, Index, Base), CurByte, OS);
117 void EmitMemModRMByte(const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op,
118 unsigned RegOpcodeField,
119 uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte, raw_ostream &OS,
120 SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups) const;
122 void EncodeInstruction(const MCInst &MI, raw_ostream &OS,
123 SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups) const;
125 void EmitVEXOpcodePrefix(uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte, int MemOperand,
126 const MCInst &MI, const MCInstrDesc &Desc,
127 raw_ostream &OS) const;
129 void EmitSegmentOverridePrefix(uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte,
130 int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
131 raw_ostream &OS) const;
133 void EmitOpcodePrefix(uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte, int MemOperand,
134 const MCInst &MI, const MCInstrDesc &Desc,
135 raw_ostream &OS) const;
138 } // end anonymous namespace
141 MCCodeEmitter *llvm::createX86MCCodeEmitter(const MCInstrInfo &MCII,
142 const MCSubtargetInfo &STI,
144 return new X86MCCodeEmitter(MCII, STI, Ctx);
147 /// isDisp8 - Return true if this signed displacement fits in a 8-bit
148 /// sign-extended field.
149 static bool isDisp8(int Value) {
150 return Value == (signed char)Value;
153 /// getImmFixupKind - Return the appropriate fixup kind to use for an immediate
154 /// in an instruction with the specified TSFlags.
155 static MCFixupKind getImmFixupKind(uint64_t TSFlags) {
156 unsigned Size = X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags);
157 bool isPCRel = X86II::isImmPCRel(TSFlags);
159 return MCFixup::getKindForSize(Size, isPCRel);
162 /// Is32BitMemOperand - Return true if the specified instruction has
163 /// a 32-bit memory operand. Op specifies the operand # of the memoperand.
164 static bool Is32BitMemOperand(const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op) {
165 const MCOperand &BaseReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrBaseReg);
166 const MCOperand &IndexReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrIndexReg);
168 if ((BaseReg.getReg() != 0 &&
169 X86MCRegisterClasses[X86::GR32RegClassID].contains(BaseReg.getReg())) ||
170 (IndexReg.getReg() != 0 &&
171 X86MCRegisterClasses[X86::GR32RegClassID].contains(IndexReg.getReg())))
176 /// Is64BitMemOperand - Return true if the specified instruction has
177 /// a 64-bit memory operand. Op specifies the operand # of the memoperand.
178 static bool Is64BitMemOperand(const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op) {
179 const MCOperand &BaseReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrBaseReg);
180 const MCOperand &IndexReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrIndexReg);
182 if ((BaseReg.getReg() != 0 &&
183 X86MCRegisterClasses[X86::GR64RegClassID].contains(BaseReg.getReg())) ||
184 (IndexReg.getReg() != 0 &&
185 X86MCRegisterClasses[X86::GR64RegClassID].contains(IndexReg.getReg())))
190 /// Is16BitMemOperand - Return true if the specified instruction has
191 /// a 16-bit memory operand. Op specifies the operand # of the memoperand.
192 static bool Is16BitMemOperand(const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op) {
193 const MCOperand &BaseReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrBaseReg);
194 const MCOperand &IndexReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrIndexReg);
196 if ((BaseReg.getReg() != 0 &&
197 X86MCRegisterClasses[X86::GR16RegClassID].contains(BaseReg.getReg())) ||
198 (IndexReg.getReg() != 0 &&
199 X86MCRegisterClasses[X86::GR16RegClassID].contains(IndexReg.getReg())))
204 /// StartsWithGlobalOffsetTable - Check if this expression starts with
205 /// _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ and if it is of the form
206 /// _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_-symbol. This is needed to support PIC on ELF
207 /// i386 as _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ is magical. We check only simple case that
208 /// are know to be used: _GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_ by itself or at the start
209 /// of a binary expression.
210 enum GlobalOffsetTableExprKind {
215 static GlobalOffsetTableExprKind
216 StartsWithGlobalOffsetTable(const MCExpr *Expr) {
217 const MCExpr *RHS = 0;
218 if (Expr->getKind() == MCExpr::Binary) {
219 const MCBinaryExpr *BE = static_cast<const MCBinaryExpr *>(Expr);
224 if (Expr->getKind() != MCExpr::SymbolRef)
227 const MCSymbolRefExpr *Ref = static_cast<const MCSymbolRefExpr*>(Expr);
228 const MCSymbol &S = Ref->getSymbol();
229 if (S.getName() != "_GLOBAL_OFFSET_TABLE_")
231 if (RHS && RHS->getKind() == MCExpr::SymbolRef)
236 void X86MCCodeEmitter::
237 EmitImmediate(const MCOperand &DispOp, SMLoc Loc, unsigned Size,
238 MCFixupKind FixupKind, unsigned &CurByte, raw_ostream &OS,
239 SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups, int ImmOffset) const {
240 const MCExpr *Expr = NULL;
241 if (DispOp.isImm()) {
242 // If this is a simple integer displacement that doesn't require a
243 // relocation, emit it now.
244 if (FixupKind != FK_PCRel_1 &&
245 FixupKind != FK_PCRel_2 &&
246 FixupKind != FK_PCRel_4) {
247 EmitConstant(DispOp.getImm()+ImmOffset, Size, CurByte, OS);
250 Expr = MCConstantExpr::Create(DispOp.getImm(), Ctx);
252 Expr = DispOp.getExpr();
255 // If we have an immoffset, add it to the expression.
256 if ((FixupKind == FK_Data_4 ||
257 FixupKind == FK_Data_8 ||
258 FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_signed_4byte))) {
259 GlobalOffsetTableExprKind Kind = StartsWithGlobalOffsetTable(Expr);
260 if (Kind != GOT_None) {
261 assert(ImmOffset == 0);
263 FixupKind = MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_global_offset_table);
264 if (Kind == GOT_Normal)
266 } else if (Expr->getKind() == MCExpr::SymbolRef) {
267 const MCSymbolRefExpr *Ref = static_cast<const MCSymbolRefExpr*>(Expr);
268 if (Ref->getKind() == MCSymbolRefExpr::VK_SECREL) {
269 FixupKind = MCFixupKind(FK_SecRel_4);
274 // If the fixup is pc-relative, we need to bias the value to be relative to
275 // the start of the field, not the end of the field.
276 if (FixupKind == FK_PCRel_4 ||
277 FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_riprel_4byte) ||
278 FixupKind == MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_movq_load))
280 if (FixupKind == FK_PCRel_2)
282 if (FixupKind == FK_PCRel_1)
286 Expr = MCBinaryExpr::CreateAdd(Expr, MCConstantExpr::Create(ImmOffset, Ctx),
289 // Emit a symbolic constant as a fixup and 4 zeros.
290 Fixups.push_back(MCFixup::Create(CurByte, Expr, FixupKind, Loc));
291 EmitConstant(0, Size, CurByte, OS);
294 void X86MCCodeEmitter::EmitMemModRMByte(const MCInst &MI, unsigned Op,
295 unsigned RegOpcodeField,
296 uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte,
298 SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups) const{
299 const MCOperand &Disp = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrDisp);
300 const MCOperand &Base = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrBaseReg);
301 const MCOperand &Scale = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrScaleAmt);
302 const MCOperand &IndexReg = MI.getOperand(Op+X86::AddrIndexReg);
303 unsigned BaseReg = Base.getReg();
305 // Handle %rip relative addressing.
306 if (BaseReg == X86::RIP) { // [disp32+RIP] in X86-64 mode
307 assert(is64BitMode() && "Rip-relative addressing requires 64-bit mode");
308 assert(IndexReg.getReg() == 0 && "Invalid rip-relative address");
309 EmitByte(ModRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 5), CurByte, OS);
311 unsigned FixupKind = X86::reloc_riprel_4byte;
313 // movq loads are handled with a special relocation form which allows the
314 // linker to eliminate some loads for GOT references which end up in the
315 // same linkage unit.
316 if (MI.getOpcode() == X86::MOV64rm)
317 FixupKind = X86::reloc_riprel_4byte_movq_load;
319 // rip-relative addressing is actually relative to the *next* instruction.
320 // Since an immediate can follow the mod/rm byte for an instruction, this
321 // means that we need to bias the immediate field of the instruction with
322 // the size of the immediate field. If we have this case, add it into the
323 // expression to emit.
324 int ImmSize = X86II::hasImm(TSFlags) ? X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags) : 0;
326 EmitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, MCFixupKind(FixupKind),
327 CurByte, OS, Fixups, -ImmSize);
331 unsigned BaseRegNo = BaseReg ? GetX86RegNum(Base) : -1U;
333 // Determine whether a SIB byte is needed.
334 // If no BaseReg, issue a RIP relative instruction only if the MCE can
335 // resolve addresses on-the-fly, otherwise use SIB (Intel Manual 2A, table
336 // 2-7) and absolute references.
338 if (// The SIB byte must be used if there is an index register.
339 IndexReg.getReg() == 0 &&
340 // The SIB byte must be used if the base is ESP/RSP/R12, all of which
341 // encode to an R/M value of 4, which indicates that a SIB byte is
343 BaseRegNo != N86::ESP &&
344 // If there is no base register and we're in 64-bit mode, we need a SIB
345 // byte to emit an addr that is just 'disp32' (the non-RIP relative form).
346 (!is64BitMode() || BaseReg != 0)) {
348 if (BaseReg == 0) { // [disp32] in X86-32 mode
349 EmitByte(ModRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 5), CurByte, OS);
350 EmitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, FK_Data_4, CurByte, OS, Fixups);
354 // If the base is not EBP/ESP and there is no displacement, use simple
355 // indirect register encoding, this handles addresses like [EAX]. The
356 // encoding for [EBP] with no displacement means [disp32] so we handle it
357 // by emitting a displacement of 0 below.
358 if (Disp.isImm() && Disp.getImm() == 0 && BaseRegNo != N86::EBP) {
359 EmitByte(ModRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CurByte, OS);
363 // Otherwise, if the displacement fits in a byte, encode as [REG+disp8].
364 if (Disp.isImm() && isDisp8(Disp.getImm())) {
365 EmitByte(ModRMByte(1, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CurByte, OS);
366 EmitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, CurByte, OS, Fixups);
370 // Otherwise, emit the most general non-SIB encoding: [REG+disp32]
371 EmitByte(ModRMByte(2, RegOpcodeField, BaseRegNo), CurByte, OS);
372 EmitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_signed_4byte), CurByte, OS,
377 // We need a SIB byte, so start by outputting the ModR/M byte first
378 assert(IndexReg.getReg() != X86::ESP &&
379 IndexReg.getReg() != X86::RSP && "Cannot use ESP as index reg!");
381 bool ForceDisp32 = false;
382 bool ForceDisp8 = false;
384 // If there is no base register, we emit the special case SIB byte with
385 // MOD=0, BASE=5, to JUST get the index, scale, and displacement.
386 EmitByte(ModRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 4), CurByte, OS);
388 } else if (!Disp.isImm()) {
389 // Emit the normal disp32 encoding.
390 EmitByte(ModRMByte(2, RegOpcodeField, 4), CurByte, OS);
392 } else if (Disp.getImm() == 0 &&
393 // Base reg can't be anything that ends up with '5' as the base
394 // reg, it is the magic [*] nomenclature that indicates no base.
395 BaseRegNo != N86::EBP) {
396 // Emit no displacement ModR/M byte
397 EmitByte(ModRMByte(0, RegOpcodeField, 4), CurByte, OS);
398 } else if (isDisp8(Disp.getImm())) {
399 // Emit the disp8 encoding.
400 EmitByte(ModRMByte(1, RegOpcodeField, 4), CurByte, OS);
401 ForceDisp8 = true; // Make sure to force 8 bit disp if Base=EBP
403 // Emit the normal disp32 encoding.
404 EmitByte(ModRMByte(2, RegOpcodeField, 4), CurByte, OS);
407 // Calculate what the SS field value should be...
408 static const unsigned SSTable[] = { ~0U, 0, 1, ~0U, 2, ~0U, ~0U, ~0U, 3 };
409 unsigned SS = SSTable[Scale.getImm()];
412 // Handle the SIB byte for the case where there is no base, see Intel
413 // Manual 2A, table 2-7. The displacement has already been output.
415 if (IndexReg.getReg())
416 IndexRegNo = GetX86RegNum(IndexReg);
417 else // Examples: [ESP+1*<noreg>+4] or [scaled idx]+disp32 (MOD=0,BASE=5)
419 EmitSIBByte(SS, IndexRegNo, 5, CurByte, OS);
422 if (IndexReg.getReg())
423 IndexRegNo = GetX86RegNum(IndexReg);
425 IndexRegNo = 4; // For example [ESP+1*<noreg>+4]
426 EmitSIBByte(SS, IndexRegNo, GetX86RegNum(Base), CurByte, OS);
429 // Do we need to output a displacement?
431 EmitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, CurByte, OS, Fixups);
432 else if (ForceDisp32 || Disp.getImm() != 0)
433 EmitImmediate(Disp, MI.getLoc(), 4, MCFixupKind(X86::reloc_signed_4byte),
434 CurByte, OS, Fixups);
437 /// EmitVEXOpcodePrefix - AVX instructions are encoded using a opcode prefix
439 void X86MCCodeEmitter::EmitVEXOpcodePrefix(uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte,
440 int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
441 const MCInstrDesc &Desc,
442 raw_ostream &OS) const {
443 bool HasVEX_4V = (TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_4V;
444 bool HasVEX_4VOp3 = (TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_4VOp3;
446 // VEX_R: opcode externsion equivalent to REX.R in
447 // 1's complement (inverted) form
449 // 1: Same as REX_R=0 (must be 1 in 32-bit mode)
450 // 0: Same as REX_R=1 (64 bit mode only)
452 unsigned char VEX_R = 0x1;
454 // VEX_X: equivalent to REX.X, only used when a
455 // register is used for index in SIB Byte.
457 // 1: Same as REX.X=0 (must be 1 in 32-bit mode)
458 // 0: Same as REX.X=1 (64-bit mode only)
459 unsigned char VEX_X = 0x1;
463 // 1: Same as REX_B=0 (ignored in 32-bit mode)
464 // 0: Same as REX_B=1 (64 bit mode only)
466 unsigned char VEX_B = 0x1;
468 // VEX_W: opcode specific (use like REX.W, or used for
469 // opcode extension, or ignored, depending on the opcode byte)
470 unsigned char VEX_W = 0;
472 // XOP: Use XOP prefix byte 0x8f instead of VEX.
473 unsigned char XOP = 0;
475 // VEX_5M (VEX m-mmmmm field):
477 // 0b00000: Reserved for future use
478 // 0b00001: implied 0F leading opcode
479 // 0b00010: implied 0F 38 leading opcode bytes
480 // 0b00011: implied 0F 3A leading opcode bytes
481 // 0b00100-0b11111: Reserved for future use
482 // 0b01000: XOP map select - 08h instructions with imm byte
483 // 0b10001: XOP map select - 09h instructions with no imm byte
484 unsigned char VEX_5M = 0x1;
486 // VEX_4V (VEX vvvv field): a register specifier
487 // (in 1's complement form) or 1111 if unused.
488 unsigned char VEX_4V = 0xf;
490 // VEX_L (Vector Length):
492 // 0: scalar or 128-bit vector
495 unsigned char VEX_L = 0;
497 // VEX_PP: opcode extension providing equivalent
498 // functionality of a SIMD prefix
505 unsigned char VEX_PP = 0;
507 // Encode the operand size opcode prefix as needed.
508 if (TSFlags & X86II::OpSize)
511 if ((TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_W)
514 if ((TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::XOP)
517 if ((TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_L)
520 switch (TSFlags & X86II::Op0Mask) {
521 default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid prefix!");
522 case X86II::T8: // 0F 38
525 case X86II::TA: // 0F 3A
528 case X86II::T8XS: // F3 0F 38
532 case X86II::T8XD: // F2 0F 38
536 case X86II::TAXD: // F2 0F 3A
540 case X86II::XS: // F3 0F
543 case X86II::XD: // F2 0F
552 case X86II::A6: // Bypass: Not used by VEX
553 case X86II::A7: // Bypass: Not used by VEX
554 case X86II::TB: // Bypass: Not used by VEX
560 // Set the vector length to 256-bit if YMM0-YMM15 is used
561 for (unsigned i = 0; i != MI.getNumOperands(); ++i) {
562 if (!MI.getOperand(i).isReg())
564 unsigned SrcReg = MI.getOperand(i).getReg();
565 if (SrcReg >= X86::YMM0 && SrcReg <= X86::YMM15)
569 // Classify VEX_B, VEX_4V, VEX_R, VEX_X
571 switch (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) {
572 case X86II::MRMInitReg: llvm_unreachable("FIXME: Remove this!");
573 case X86II::MRMDestMem: {
574 // MRMDestMem instructions forms:
575 // MemAddr, src1(ModR/M)
576 // MemAddr, src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M)
577 // MemAddr, src1(ModR/M), imm8
579 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(X86::AddrBaseReg).getReg()))
581 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(X86::AddrIndexReg).getReg()))
584 CurOp = X86::AddrNumOperands;
586 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, CurOp++);
588 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(CurOp);
589 if (MO.isReg() && X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MO.getReg()))
593 case X86II::MRMSrcMem:
594 // MRMSrcMem instructions forms:
595 // src1(ModR/M), MemAddr
596 // src1(ModR/M), src2(VEX_4V), MemAddr
597 // src1(ModR/M), MemAddr, imm8
598 // src1(ModR/M), MemAddr, src2(VEX_I8IMM)
601 // dst(ModR/M.reg), src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M), src3(VEX_I8IMM)
602 // dst(ModR/M.reg), src1(VEX_4V), src2(VEX_I8IMM), src3(ModR/M),
603 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(0).getReg()))
607 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, 1);
609 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(
610 MI.getOperand(MemOperand+X86::AddrBaseReg).getReg()))
612 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(
613 MI.getOperand(MemOperand+X86::AddrIndexReg).getReg()))
617 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, X86::AddrNumOperands+1);
619 case X86II::MRM0m: case X86II::MRM1m:
620 case X86II::MRM2m: case X86II::MRM3m:
621 case X86II::MRM4m: case X86II::MRM5m:
622 case X86II::MRM6m: case X86II::MRM7m: {
623 // MRM[0-9]m instructions forms:
625 // src1(VEX_4V), MemAddr
627 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, 0);
629 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(
630 MI.getOperand(MemOperand+X86::AddrBaseReg).getReg()))
632 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(
633 MI.getOperand(MemOperand+X86::AddrIndexReg).getReg()))
637 case X86II::MRMSrcReg:
638 // MRMSrcReg instructions forms:
639 // dst(ModR/M), src1(VEX_4V), src2(ModR/M), src3(VEX_I8IMM)
640 // dst(ModR/M), src1(ModR/M)
641 // dst(ModR/M), src1(ModR/M), imm8
643 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(CurOp).getReg()))
648 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, CurOp++);
649 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(CurOp).getReg()))
653 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, CurOp);
655 case X86II::MRMDestReg:
656 // MRMDestReg instructions forms:
657 // dst(ModR/M), src(ModR/M)
658 // dst(ModR/M), src(ModR/M), imm8
659 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(0).getReg()))
661 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(1).getReg()))
664 case X86II::MRM0r: case X86II::MRM1r:
665 case X86II::MRM2r: case X86II::MRM3r:
666 case X86II::MRM4r: case X86II::MRM5r:
667 case X86II::MRM6r: case X86II::MRM7r:
668 // MRM0r-MRM7r instructions forms:
669 // dst(VEX_4V), src(ModR/M), imm8
670 VEX_4V = getVEXRegisterEncoding(MI, 0);
671 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(1).getReg()))
678 // Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed.
679 EmitSegmentOverridePrefix(TSFlags, CurByte, MemOperand, MI, OS);
681 // VEX opcode prefix can have 2 or 3 bytes
684 // +-----+ +--------------+ +-------------------+
685 // | C4h | | RXB | m-mmmm | | W | vvvv | L | pp |
686 // +-----+ +--------------+ +-------------------+
688 // +-----+ +-------------------+
689 // | C5h | | R | vvvv | L | pp |
690 // +-----+ +-------------------+
692 unsigned char LastByte = VEX_PP | (VEX_L << 2) | (VEX_4V << 3);
694 if (VEX_B && VEX_X && !VEX_W && !XOP && (VEX_5M == 1)) { // 2 byte VEX prefix
695 EmitByte(0xC5, CurByte, OS);
696 EmitByte(LastByte | (VEX_R << 7), CurByte, OS);
701 EmitByte(XOP ? 0x8F : 0xC4, CurByte, OS);
702 EmitByte(VEX_R << 7 | VEX_X << 6 | VEX_B << 5 | VEX_5M, CurByte, OS);
703 EmitByte(LastByte | (VEX_W << 7), CurByte, OS);
706 /// DetermineREXPrefix - Determine if the MCInst has to be encoded with a X86-64
707 /// REX prefix which specifies 1) 64-bit instructions, 2) non-default operand
708 /// size, and 3) use of X86-64 extended registers.
709 static unsigned DetermineREXPrefix(const MCInst &MI, uint64_t TSFlags,
710 const MCInstrDesc &Desc) {
712 if (TSFlags & X86II::REX_W)
713 REX |= 1 << 3; // set REX.W
715 if (MI.getNumOperands() == 0) return REX;
717 unsigned NumOps = MI.getNumOperands();
718 // FIXME: MCInst should explicitize the two-addrness.
719 bool isTwoAddr = NumOps > 1 &&
720 Desc.getOperandConstraint(1, MCOI::TIED_TO) != -1;
722 // If it accesses SPL, BPL, SIL, or DIL, then it requires a 0x40 REX prefix.
723 unsigned i = isTwoAddr ? 1 : 0;
724 for (; i != NumOps; ++i) {
725 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(i);
726 if (!MO.isReg()) continue;
727 unsigned Reg = MO.getReg();
728 if (!X86II::isX86_64NonExtLowByteReg(Reg)) continue;
729 // FIXME: The caller of DetermineREXPrefix slaps this prefix onto anything
730 // that returns non-zero.
731 REX |= 0x40; // REX fixed encoding prefix
735 switch (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) {
736 case X86II::MRMInitReg: llvm_unreachable("FIXME: Remove this!");
737 case X86II::MRMSrcReg:
738 if (MI.getOperand(0).isReg() &&
739 X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(0).getReg()))
740 REX |= 1 << 2; // set REX.R
741 i = isTwoAddr ? 2 : 1;
742 for (; i != NumOps; ++i) {
743 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(i);
744 if (MO.isReg() && X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MO.getReg()))
745 REX |= 1 << 0; // set REX.B
748 case X86II::MRMSrcMem: {
749 if (MI.getOperand(0).isReg() &&
750 X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(0).getReg()))
751 REX |= 1 << 2; // set REX.R
753 i = isTwoAddr ? 2 : 1;
754 for (; i != NumOps; ++i) {
755 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(i);
757 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MO.getReg()))
758 REX |= 1 << Bit; // set REX.B (Bit=0) and REX.X (Bit=1)
764 case X86II::MRM0m: case X86II::MRM1m:
765 case X86II::MRM2m: case X86II::MRM3m:
766 case X86II::MRM4m: case X86II::MRM5m:
767 case X86II::MRM6m: case X86II::MRM7m:
768 case X86II::MRMDestMem: {
769 unsigned e = (isTwoAddr ? X86::AddrNumOperands+1 : X86::AddrNumOperands);
770 i = isTwoAddr ? 1 : 0;
771 if (NumOps > e && MI.getOperand(e).isReg() &&
772 X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(e).getReg()))
773 REX |= 1 << 2; // set REX.R
775 for (; i != e; ++i) {
776 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(i);
778 if (X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MO.getReg()))
779 REX |= 1 << Bit; // REX.B (Bit=0) and REX.X (Bit=1)
786 if (MI.getOperand(0).isReg() &&
787 X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MI.getOperand(0).getReg()))
788 REX |= 1 << 0; // set REX.B
789 i = isTwoAddr ? 2 : 1;
790 for (unsigned e = NumOps; i != e; ++i) {
791 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(i);
792 if (MO.isReg() && X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MO.getReg()))
793 REX |= 1 << 2; // set REX.R
800 /// EmitSegmentOverridePrefix - Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed
801 void X86MCCodeEmitter::EmitSegmentOverridePrefix(uint64_t TSFlags,
802 unsigned &CurByte, int MemOperand,
804 raw_ostream &OS) const {
805 switch (TSFlags & X86II::SegOvrMask) {
806 default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid segment!");
808 // No segment override, check for explicit one on memory operand.
809 if (MemOperand != -1) { // If the instruction has a memory operand.
810 switch (MI.getOperand(MemOperand+X86::AddrSegmentReg).getReg()) {
811 default: llvm_unreachable("Unknown segment register!");
813 case X86::CS: EmitByte(0x2E, CurByte, OS); break;
814 case X86::SS: EmitByte(0x36, CurByte, OS); break;
815 case X86::DS: EmitByte(0x3E, CurByte, OS); break;
816 case X86::ES: EmitByte(0x26, CurByte, OS); break;
817 case X86::FS: EmitByte(0x64, CurByte, OS); break;
818 case X86::GS: EmitByte(0x65, CurByte, OS); break;
823 EmitByte(0x64, CurByte, OS);
826 EmitByte(0x65, CurByte, OS);
831 /// EmitOpcodePrefix - Emit all instruction prefixes prior to the opcode.
833 /// MemOperand is the operand # of the start of a memory operand if present. If
834 /// Not present, it is -1.
835 void X86MCCodeEmitter::EmitOpcodePrefix(uint64_t TSFlags, unsigned &CurByte,
836 int MemOperand, const MCInst &MI,
837 const MCInstrDesc &Desc,
838 raw_ostream &OS) const {
840 // Emit the lock opcode prefix as needed.
841 if (TSFlags & X86II::LOCK)
842 EmitByte(0xF0, CurByte, OS);
844 // Emit segment override opcode prefix as needed.
845 EmitSegmentOverridePrefix(TSFlags, CurByte, MemOperand, MI, OS);
847 // Emit the repeat opcode prefix as needed.
848 if ((TSFlags & X86II::Op0Mask) == X86II::REP)
849 EmitByte(0xF3, CurByte, OS);
851 // Emit the address size opcode prefix as needed.
852 bool need_address_override;
853 if (TSFlags & X86II::AdSize) {
854 need_address_override = true;
855 } else if (MemOperand == -1) {
856 need_address_override = false;
857 } else if (is64BitMode()) {
858 assert(!Is16BitMemOperand(MI, MemOperand));
859 need_address_override = Is32BitMemOperand(MI, MemOperand);
860 } else if (is32BitMode()) {
861 assert(!Is64BitMemOperand(MI, MemOperand));
862 need_address_override = Is16BitMemOperand(MI, MemOperand);
864 need_address_override = false;
867 if (need_address_override)
868 EmitByte(0x67, CurByte, OS);
870 // Emit the operand size opcode prefix as needed.
871 if (TSFlags & X86II::OpSize)
872 EmitByte(0x66, CurByte, OS);
874 bool Need0FPrefix = false;
875 switch (TSFlags & X86II::Op0Mask) {
876 default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid prefix!");
877 case 0: break; // No prefix!
878 case X86II::REP: break; // already handled.
879 case X86II::TB: // Two-byte opcode prefix
880 case X86II::T8: // 0F 38
881 case X86II::TA: // 0F 3A
882 case X86II::A6: // 0F A6
883 case X86II::A7: // 0F A7
886 case X86II::T8XS: // F3 0F 38
887 EmitByte(0xF3, CurByte, OS);
890 case X86II::T8XD: // F2 0F 38
891 EmitByte(0xF2, CurByte, OS);
894 case X86II::TAXD: // F2 0F 3A
895 EmitByte(0xF2, CurByte, OS);
898 case X86II::XS: // F3 0F
899 EmitByte(0xF3, CurByte, OS);
902 case X86II::XD: // F2 0F
903 EmitByte(0xF2, CurByte, OS);
906 case X86II::D8: EmitByte(0xD8, CurByte, OS); break;
907 case X86II::D9: EmitByte(0xD9, CurByte, OS); break;
908 case X86II::DA: EmitByte(0xDA, CurByte, OS); break;
909 case X86II::DB: EmitByte(0xDB, CurByte, OS); break;
910 case X86II::DC: EmitByte(0xDC, CurByte, OS); break;
911 case X86II::DD: EmitByte(0xDD, CurByte, OS); break;
912 case X86II::DE: EmitByte(0xDE, CurByte, OS); break;
913 case X86II::DF: EmitByte(0xDF, CurByte, OS); break;
916 // Handle REX prefix.
917 // FIXME: Can this come before F2 etc to simplify emission?
919 if (unsigned REX = DetermineREXPrefix(MI, TSFlags, Desc))
920 EmitByte(0x40 | REX, CurByte, OS);
923 // 0x0F escape code must be emitted just before the opcode.
925 EmitByte(0x0F, CurByte, OS);
927 // FIXME: Pull this up into previous switch if REX can be moved earlier.
928 switch (TSFlags & X86II::Op0Mask) {
929 case X86II::T8XS: // F3 0F 38
930 case X86II::T8XD: // F2 0F 38
931 case X86II::T8: // 0F 38
932 EmitByte(0x38, CurByte, OS);
934 case X86II::TAXD: // F2 0F 3A
935 case X86II::TA: // 0F 3A
936 EmitByte(0x3A, CurByte, OS);
938 case X86II::A6: // 0F A6
939 EmitByte(0xA6, CurByte, OS);
941 case X86II::A7: // 0F A7
942 EmitByte(0xA7, CurByte, OS);
947 void X86MCCodeEmitter::
948 EncodeInstruction(const MCInst &MI, raw_ostream &OS,
949 SmallVectorImpl<MCFixup> &Fixups) const {
950 unsigned Opcode = MI.getOpcode();
951 const MCInstrDesc &Desc = MCII.get(Opcode);
952 uint64_t TSFlags = Desc.TSFlags;
954 // Pseudo instructions don't get encoded.
955 if ((TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) == X86II::Pseudo)
958 // If this is a two-address instruction, skip one of the register operands.
959 // FIXME: This should be handled during MCInst lowering.
960 unsigned NumOps = Desc.getNumOperands();
962 if (NumOps > 1 && Desc.getOperandConstraint(1, MCOI::TIED_TO) != -1)
964 else if (NumOps > 2 && Desc.getOperandConstraint(NumOps-1, MCOI::TIED_TO)== 0)
965 // Skip the last source operand that is tied_to the dest reg. e.g. LXADD32
968 // Keep track of the current byte being emitted.
969 unsigned CurByte = 0;
971 // Is this instruction encoded using the AVX VEX prefix?
972 bool HasVEXPrefix = (TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX;
974 // It uses the VEX.VVVV field?
975 bool HasVEX_4V = (TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_4V;
976 bool HasVEX_4VOp3 = (TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_4VOp3;
977 bool HasMemOp4 = (TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::MemOp4;
978 const unsigned MemOp4_I8IMMOperand = 2;
980 // Determine where the memory operand starts, if present.
981 int MemoryOperand = X86II::getMemoryOperandNo(TSFlags, Opcode);
982 if (MemoryOperand != -1) MemoryOperand += CurOp;
985 EmitOpcodePrefix(TSFlags, CurByte, MemoryOperand, MI, Desc, OS);
987 EmitVEXOpcodePrefix(TSFlags, CurByte, MemoryOperand, MI, Desc, OS);
989 unsigned char BaseOpcode = X86II::getBaseOpcodeFor(TSFlags);
991 if ((TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::Has3DNow0F0FOpcode)
992 BaseOpcode = 0x0F; // Weird 3DNow! encoding.
994 unsigned SrcRegNum = 0;
995 switch (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) {
996 case X86II::MRMInitReg:
997 llvm_unreachable("FIXME: Remove this form when the JIT moves to MCCodeEmitter!");
998 default: errs() << "FORM: " << (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) << "\n";
999 llvm_unreachable("Unknown FormMask value in X86MCCodeEmitter!");
1001 llvm_unreachable("Pseudo instruction shouldn't be emitted");
1003 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1005 case X86II::RawFrmImm8:
1006 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1007 EmitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
1008 X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), getImmFixupKind(TSFlags),
1009 CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1010 EmitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1, CurByte,
1013 case X86II::RawFrmImm16:
1014 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1015 EmitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
1016 X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), getImmFixupKind(TSFlags),
1017 CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1018 EmitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(), 2, FK_Data_2, CurByte,
1022 case X86II::AddRegFrm:
1023 EmitByte(BaseOpcode + GetX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp++)), CurByte, OS);
1026 case X86II::MRMDestReg:
1027 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1028 EmitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(CurOp),
1029 GetX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp+1)), CurByte, OS);
1033 case X86II::MRMDestMem:
1034 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1035 SrcRegNum = CurOp + X86::AddrNumOperands;
1037 if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip 1st src (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV)
1040 EmitMemModRMByte(MI, CurOp,
1041 GetX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum)),
1042 TSFlags, CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1043 CurOp = SrcRegNum + 1;
1046 case X86II::MRMSrcReg:
1047 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1048 SrcRegNum = CurOp + 1;
1050 if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip 1st src (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV)
1053 if(HasMemOp4) // Skip 2nd src (which is encoded in I8IMM)
1056 EmitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(SrcRegNum),
1057 GetX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)), CurByte, OS);
1059 // 2 operands skipped with HasMemOp4, comensate accordingly
1060 CurOp = HasMemOp4 ? SrcRegNum : SrcRegNum + 1;
1065 case X86II::MRMSrcMem: {
1066 int AddrOperands = X86::AddrNumOperands;
1067 unsigned FirstMemOp = CurOp+1;
1070 ++FirstMemOp; // Skip the register source (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
1072 if(HasMemOp4) // Skip second register source (encoded in I8IMM)
1075 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1077 EmitMemModRMByte(MI, FirstMemOp, GetX86RegNum(MI.getOperand(CurOp)),
1078 TSFlags, CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1079 CurOp += AddrOperands + 1;
1085 case X86II::MRM0r: case X86II::MRM1r:
1086 case X86II::MRM2r: case X86II::MRM3r:
1087 case X86II::MRM4r: case X86II::MRM5r:
1088 case X86II::MRM6r: case X86II::MRM7r:
1089 if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip the register dst (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
1091 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1092 EmitRegModRMByte(MI.getOperand(CurOp++),
1093 (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask)-X86II::MRM0r,
1096 case X86II::MRM0m: case X86II::MRM1m:
1097 case X86II::MRM2m: case X86II::MRM3m:
1098 case X86II::MRM4m: case X86II::MRM5m:
1099 case X86II::MRM6m: case X86II::MRM7m:
1100 if (HasVEX_4V) // Skip the register dst (which is encoded in VEX_VVVV).
1102 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1103 EmitMemModRMByte(MI, CurOp, (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask)-X86II::MRM0m,
1104 TSFlags, CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1105 CurOp += X86::AddrNumOperands;
1107 case X86II::MRM_C1: case X86II::MRM_C2:
1108 case X86II::MRM_C3: case X86II::MRM_C4:
1109 case X86II::MRM_C8: case X86II::MRM_C9:
1110 case X86II::MRM_D0: case X86II::MRM_D1:
1111 case X86II::MRM_D4: case X86II::MRM_D8:
1112 case X86II::MRM_D9: case X86II::MRM_DA:
1113 case X86II::MRM_DB: case X86II::MRM_DC:
1114 case X86II::MRM_DD: case X86II::MRM_DE:
1115 case X86II::MRM_DF: case X86II::MRM_E8:
1116 case X86II::MRM_F0: case X86II::MRM_F8:
1118 EmitByte(BaseOpcode, CurByte, OS);
1121 switch (TSFlags & X86II::FormMask) {
1122 default: llvm_unreachable("Invalid Form");
1123 case X86II::MRM_C1: MRM = 0xC1; break;
1124 case X86II::MRM_C2: MRM = 0xC2; break;
1125 case X86II::MRM_C3: MRM = 0xC3; break;
1126 case X86II::MRM_C4: MRM = 0xC4; break;
1127 case X86II::MRM_C8: MRM = 0xC8; break;
1128 case X86II::MRM_C9: MRM = 0xC9; break;
1129 case X86II::MRM_D0: MRM = 0xD0; break;
1130 case X86II::MRM_D1: MRM = 0xD1; break;
1131 case X86II::MRM_D4: MRM = 0xD4; break;
1132 case X86II::MRM_D8: MRM = 0xD8; break;
1133 case X86II::MRM_D9: MRM = 0xD9; break;
1134 case X86II::MRM_DA: MRM = 0xDA; break;
1135 case X86II::MRM_DB: MRM = 0xDB; break;
1136 case X86II::MRM_DC: MRM = 0xDC; break;
1137 case X86II::MRM_DD: MRM = 0xDD; break;
1138 case X86II::MRM_DE: MRM = 0xDE; break;
1139 case X86II::MRM_DF: MRM = 0xDF; break;
1140 case X86II::MRM_E8: MRM = 0xE8; break;
1141 case X86II::MRM_F0: MRM = 0xF0; break;
1142 case X86II::MRM_F8: MRM = 0xF8; break;
1143 case X86II::MRM_F9: MRM = 0xF9; break;
1145 EmitByte(MRM, CurByte, OS);
1149 // If there is a remaining operand, it must be a trailing immediate. Emit it
1150 // according to the right size for the instruction.
1151 if (CurOp != NumOps) {
1152 // The last source register of a 4 operand instruction in AVX is encoded
1153 // in bits[7:4] of a immediate byte.
1154 if ((TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::VEX_I8IMM) {
1155 const MCOperand &MO = MI.getOperand(HasMemOp4 ? MemOp4_I8IMMOperand
1158 bool IsExtReg = X86II::isX86_64ExtendedReg(MO.getReg());
1159 unsigned RegNum = (IsExtReg ? (1 << 7) : 0);
1160 RegNum |= GetX86RegNum(MO) << 4;
1161 // If there is an additional 5th operand it must be an immediate, which
1162 // is encoded in bits[3:0]
1163 if(CurOp != NumOps) {
1164 const MCOperand &MIMM = MI.getOperand(CurOp++);
1166 unsigned Val = MIMM.getImm();
1167 assert(Val < 16 && "Immediate operand value out of range");
1171 EmitImmediate(MCOperand::CreateImm(RegNum), MI.getLoc(), 1, FK_Data_1,
1172 CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1175 // FIXME: Is there a better way to know that we need a signed relocation?
1176 if (MI.getOpcode() == X86::ADD64ri32 ||
1177 MI.getOpcode() == X86::MOV64ri32 ||
1178 MI.getOpcode() == X86::MOV64mi32 ||
1179 MI.getOpcode() == X86::PUSH64i32)
1180 FixupKind = X86::reloc_signed_4byte;
1182 FixupKind = getImmFixupKind(TSFlags);
1183 EmitImmediate(MI.getOperand(CurOp++), MI.getLoc(),
1184 X86II::getSizeOfImm(TSFlags), MCFixupKind(FixupKind),
1185 CurByte, OS, Fixups);
1189 if ((TSFlags >> X86II::VEXShift) & X86II::Has3DNow0F0FOpcode)
1190 EmitByte(X86II::getBaseOpcodeFor(TSFlags), CurByte, OS);
1194 if (/*!Desc.isVariadic() &&*/ CurOp != NumOps) {
1195 errs() << "Cannot encode all operands of: ";