3 #ifndef __CDS_INTRUSIVE_TREIBER_STACK_H
4 #define __CDS_INTRUSIVE_TREIBER_STACK_H
7 #include <cds/intrusive/single_link_struct.h>
9 #include <cds/algo/elimination.h>
10 #include <cds/opt/buffer.h>
11 #include <cds/lock/spinlock.h>
12 #include <cds/lock/scoped_lock.h>
13 #include <cds/details/type_padding.h>
15 namespace cds { namespace intrusive {
17 /// TreiberStack related definitions
18 /** @ingroup cds_intrusive_helper
20 namespace treiber_stack {
23 /// Operation id for the \ref cds_elimination_description "elimination back-off"
25 op_push, ///< push op id
29 /// Operation descriptor for the \ref cds_elimination_description "elimination back-off"
31 struct operation: public cds::algo::elimination::operation_desc
33 operation_id idOp; ///< Op id
34 T * pVal; ///< for push: pointer to argument; for pop: accepts a return value
35 atomics::atomic<unsigned int> nStatus; ///< Internal elimination status
44 /// Stack internal statistics. May be useful for debugging or profiling
46 Template argument \p Counter defines type of counter.
47 Default is cds::atomicity::event_counter.
48 You may use stronger type of counter like as cds::atomicity::item_counter,
49 or even an integral type, for example, \p int
51 template <typename Counter = cds::atomicity::event_counter >
54 typedef Counter counter_type ; ///< Counter type
56 counter_type m_PushCount ; ///< Push call count
57 counter_type m_PopCount ; ///< Pop call count
58 counter_type m_PushRace ; ///< Count of push race conditions encountered
59 counter_type m_PopRace ; ///< Count of pop race conditions encountered
60 counter_type m_ActivePushCollision ; ///< Count of active push collision for elimination back-off
61 counter_type m_ActivePopCollision ; ///< Count of active pop collision for elimination back-off
62 counter_type m_PassivePushCollision ; ///< Count of passive push collision for elimination back-off
63 counter_type m_PassivePopCollision ; ///< Count of passive pop collision for elimination back-off
64 counter_type m_EliminationFailed ; ///< Count of unsuccessful elimination back-off
67 void onPush() { ++m_PushCount; }
68 void onPop() { ++m_PopCount; }
69 void onPushRace() { ++m_PushRace; }
70 void onPopRace() { ++m_PopRace; }
71 void onActiveCollision( operation_id opId )
73 if ( opId == treiber_stack::op_push )
74 ++m_ActivePushCollision;
76 ++m_ActivePopCollision;
78 void onPassiveCollision( operation_id opId )
80 if ( opId == treiber_stack::op_push )
81 ++m_PassivePushCollision;
83 ++m_PassivePopCollision;
85 void onEliminationFailed() { ++m_EliminationFailed;}
89 /// Empty (no overhead) stack statistics. Support interface like treiber_stack::stat
97 void onActiveCollision( operation_id ) {}
98 void onPassiveCollision( operation_id ) {}
99 void onEliminationFailed() {}
106 template <bool EnableElimination, typename T, typename Traits>
107 class elimination_backoff;
109 template <typename T, typename Traits>
110 class elimination_backoff<false, T, Traits>
112 typedef typename Traits::back_off back_off;
116 elimination_backoff()
119 elimination_backoff( size_t )
127 template <typename Stat>
128 bool backoff(treiber_stack::operation< T >&, Stat& )
135 template <typename T, typename Traits>
136 class elimination_backoff<true, T, Traits>
138 typedef typename Traits::back_off back_off;
140 /// Back-off for elimination (usually delay)
141 typedef typename Traits::elimination_backoff elimination_backoff_type;
142 /// Lock type used in elimination back-off
143 typedef typename Traits::lock_type elimination_lock_type;
144 /// Random engine used in elimination back-off
145 typedef typename Traits::random_engine elimination_random_engine;
147 /// Per-thread elimination record
148 typedef cds::algo::elimination::record elimination_rec;
150 /// Collision array record
151 struct collision_array_record {
152 elimination_rec * pRec;
153 elimination_lock_type lock;
156 /// Collision array used in elimination-backoff; each item is optimized for cache-line size
157 typedef typename Traits::buffer::template rebind<
158 typename cds::details::type_padding<collision_array_record, cds::c_nCacheLineSize >::type
159 >::other collision_array;
161 /// Operation descriptor used in elimination back-off
162 typedef treiber_stack::operation< T > operation_desc;
164 /// Elimination back-off data
165 struct elimination_data {
166 elimination_random_engine randEngine; ///< random engine
167 collision_array collisions; ///< collision array
171 //TODO: check Traits::buffer must be static!
173 elimination_data( size_t nCollisionCapacity )
174 : collisions( nCollisionCapacity )
178 elimination_data m_Elimination;
180 enum operation_status {
186 typedef cds::lock::scoped_lock< elimination_lock_type > slot_scoped_lock;
189 elimination_backoff()
191 m_Elimination.collisions.zeroize();
194 elimination_backoff( size_t nCollisionCapacity )
195 : m_Elimination( nCollisionCapacity )
197 m_Elimination.collisions.zeroize();
203 template <typename Stat>
204 bool backoff( operation_desc& op, Stat& stat )
206 elimination_backoff_type bkoff;
207 op.nStatus.store( op_busy, atomics::memory_order_relaxed );
209 elimination_rec * myRec = cds::algo::elimination::init_record( op );
211 collision_array_record& slot = m_Elimination.collisions[m_Elimination.randEngine() % m_Elimination.collisions.capacity()];
214 elimination_rec * himRec = slot.pRec;
216 operation_desc * himOp = static_cast<operation_desc *>( himRec->pOp );
218 if ( himOp->idOp != op.idOp ) {
219 if ( op.idOp == treiber_stack::op_push )
220 himOp->pVal = op.pVal;
222 op.pVal = himOp->pVal;
226 himOp->nStatus.store( op_collided, atomics::memory_order_release );
227 cds::algo::elimination::clear_record();
228 stat.onActiveCollision( op.idOp );
231 himOp->nStatus.store( op_free, atomics::memory_order_release );
237 // Wait for colliding operation
238 bkoff( [&op]() -> bool { return op.nStatus.load( atomics::memory_order_acquire ) != op_busy; } );
240 slot_scoped_lock l( slot.lock );
241 if ( slot.pRec == myRec )
245 bool bCollided = op.nStatus.load( atomics::memory_order_acquire ) == op_collided;
248 stat.onEliminationFailed();
250 stat.onPassiveCollision( op.idOp );
252 cds::algo::elimination::clear_record();
257 } // namespace details
259 } // namespace treiber_stack
262 /** @ingroup cds_intrusive_stack
263 Intrusive implementation of well-known Treiber's stack algorithm:
264 - R. K. Treiber. Systems programming: Coping with parallelism. Technical Report RJ 5118, IBM Almaden Research Center, April 1986.
266 \ref cds_elimination_description "Elimination back-off technique" can be used optionally.
267 The idea of elimination algorithm is taken from:
268 - [2004] Danny Hendler, Nir Shavit, Lena Yerushalmi "A Scalable Lock-free Stack Algorithm"
270 The elimination algorithm uses a single elimination array as a back-off schema
271 on a shared lock-free stack. If the threads fail on the stack, they attempt to eliminate
272 on the array, and if they fail in eliminating, they attempt to access the stack again and so on.
274 @note Hendler's et al paper describes a lock-free implementation of elimination back-off which is quite complex.
275 The main difficulty is the managing life-time of elimination record.
276 Our implementation uses simplified lock-based (spin-based) approach which allows
277 the elimination record allocation on thread's stack.
278 This approach demonstrates sufficient performance under high load.
281 - \p GC - garbage collector type: gc::HP, gc::HRC, gc::PTB
282 - \p T - type to be inserted into the stack
283 - \p Options - options
286 - opt::hook - hook used. Possible values are: single_link::base_hook, single_link::member_hook, single_link::traits_hook.
287 If the option is not specified, <tt>single_link::base_hook<></tt> is used.
288 For Gidenstam's gc::HRC, only single_link::base_hook is supported.
289 - opt::back_off - back-off strategy used. If the option is not specified, the cds::backoff::Default is used.
290 - opt::disposer - the functor used for dispose removed items. Default is opt::v::empty_disposer. This option is used only
291 in \ref clear function.
292 - opt::link_checker - the type of node's link fields checking. Default is \ref opt::debug_check_link.
293 Note: for gc::HRC garbage collector, link checking policy is always selected as \ref opt::always_check_link.
294 - opt::memory_model - C++ memory ordering model. Can be opt::v::relaxed_ordering (relaxed memory model, the default)
295 or opt::v::sequential_consistent (sequentially consisnent memory model).
296 - opt::item_counter - the type of item counting feature. Default is \ref atomicity::empty_item_counter
297 - opt::stat - the type to gather internal statistics.
298 Possible option value are: \ref treiber_stack::stat, \ref treiber_stack::empty_stat (the default),
299 user-provided class that supports treiber_stack::stat interface.
300 - opt::enable_elimination - enable elimination back-off for the stack. Default value is \p valse.
302 If elimination back-off is enabled (\p %cds::opt::enable_elimination< true >) additional options can be specified:
303 - opt::buffer - a buffer type for elimination array, see \p opt::v::static_buffer, \p opt::v::dynamic_buffer.
304 The buffer can be any size: \p Exp2 template parameter of those classes can be \p false.
305 The size should be selected empirically for your application and hardware, there are no common rules for that.
306 Default is <tt> %opt::v::static_buffer< any_type, 4 > </tt>.
307 - opt::random_engine - a random engine to generate a random position in elimination array.
308 Default is opt::v::c_rand.
309 - opt::elimination_backoff - back-off strategy to wait for elimination, default is cds::backoff::delay<>
310 - opt::lock_type - a lock type used in elimination back-off, default is cds::lock::Spin.
312 Garbage collecting schema \p GC must be consistent with the single_link::node GC.
314 Be careful when you want destroy an item popped, see \ref cds_intrusive_item_destroying "Destroying items of intrusive containers".
316 @anchor cds_intrusive_TreiberStack_examples
319 Example of how to use \p single_link::base_hook.
320 Your class that objects will be pushed on \p %TreiberStack should be based on \p single_link::node class
322 #include <cds/intrusive/stack/treiber_stack.h>
323 #include <cds/gc/hp.h>
325 namespace ci = cds::intrusive;
326 typedef cds::gc::HP gc;
328 struct myData: public ci::single_link::node< gc >
334 typedef ci::TreiberStack< gc,
336 ci::opt::hook< ci::single_link::base_hook< gc > >
339 // Stack with elimination back-off enabled
340 typedef ci::TreiberStack< gc,
342 ci::opt::hook< ci::single_link::base_hook< gc > >,
343 cds::opt::enable_elimination<true>
344 > elimination_stack_t;
347 Example of how to use \p base_hook with different tags.
349 #include <cds/intrusive/stack/treiber_stack.h>
350 #include <cds/gc/hp.h>
352 namespace ci = cds::intrusive;
353 typedef cds::gc::HP gc;
355 // It is not necessary to declare complete type for tags
360 : public ci::single_link::node< gc, tag1 >
361 , public ci::single_link::node< gc, tag2 >
366 typedef ci::TreiberStack< gc, myData, ci::opt::hook< ci::single_link::base_hook< gc, tag1 > > stack1_t;
367 typedef ci::TreiberStack< gc, myData, ci::opt::hook< ci::single_link::base_hook< gc, tag2 > > stack2_t;
369 // You may add myData objects in the objects of type stack1_t and stack2_t independently
377 s2.push( i1 ) ; // i1 is now contained in s1 and s2.
381 p = s1.pop() ; // pop i1 from s1
382 p = s1.pop() ; // p == nullptr, s1 is empty
383 p = s2.pop() ; // pop i1 from s2
384 p = s2.pop() ; // pop i2 from s2
385 p = s2.pop() ; // p == nullptr, s2 is empty
389 Example of how to use \p member_hook.
390 Your class that will be pushed on \p %TreiberStack should have a member of type \p single_link::node
392 #include <cds/intrusive/stack/treiber_stack.h>
393 #include <cds/gc/hp.h>
394 #include <stddef.h> // offsetof macro
396 namespace ci = cds::intrusive;
397 typedef cds::gc::HP gc;
402 ci::single_link::node< gc > member_hook_;
406 typedef ci::TreiberStack< gc, myData,
408 ci::single_link::member_hook< offsetof(myData, member_hook_),
414 template <typename GC, typename T, typename... Options>
418 struct default_options
420 typedef cds::backoff::Default back_off;
421 typedef single_link::base_hook<> hook;
422 typedef opt::v::empty_disposer disposer;
423 typedef atomicity::empty_item_counter item_counter;
424 typedef opt::v::relaxed_ordering memory_model;
425 typedef treiber_stack::empty_stat stat;
426 static CDS_CONSTEXPR_CONST opt::link_check_type link_checker = opt::debug_check_link;
428 // Elimination back-off options
429 static CDS_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool enable_elimination = false;
430 typedef cds::backoff::delay<> elimination_backoff;
431 typedef opt::v::static_buffer< int, 4 > buffer;
432 typedef opt::v::c_rand random_engine;
433 typedef cds::lock::Spin lock_type;
439 typedef typename opt::make_options<
440 typename cds::opt::find_type_traits< default_options, Options... >::type
446 /// Rebind template arguments
447 template <typename GC2, typename T2, typename... Options2>
449 typedef TreiberStack< GC2, T2, Options2...> other ; ///< Rebinding result
453 typedef T value_type ; ///< type of value stored in the stack
454 typedef typename options::hook hook ; ///< hook type
455 typedef typename hook::node_type node_type ; ///< node type
456 typedef typename options::disposer disposer ; ///< disposer used
457 typedef typename get_node_traits< value_type, node_type, hook>::type node_traits ; ///< node traits
458 typedef typename single_link::get_link_checker< node_type, options::link_checker >::type link_checker ; ///< link checker
459 typedef typename options::memory_model memory_model ; ///< Memory ordering. See cds::opt::memory_model option
460 typedef typename options::item_counter item_counter ; ///< Item counting policy used
461 typedef typename options::stat stat ; ///< Internal statistics policy used
463 typedef GC gc ; ///< Garbage collector
464 typedef typename options::back_off back_off ; ///< back-off strategy
466 public: // related to elimination back-off
468 /// Elimination back-off is enabled or not
469 static CDS_CONSTEXPR_CONST bool enable_elimination = options::enable_elimination;
470 /// back-off strategy used to wait for elimination
471 typedef typename options::elimination_backoff elimination_backoff_type;
472 /// Lock type used in elimination back-off
473 typedef typename options::lock_type elimination_lock_type;
474 /// Random engine used in elimination back-off
475 typedef typename options::random_engine elimination_random_engine;
479 typename node_type::atomic_node_ptr m_Top ; ///< Top of the stack
480 item_counter m_ItemCounter ; ///< Item counter
481 stat m_stat ; ///< Internal statistics
484 treiber_stack::details::elimination_backoff<enable_elimination, value_type, options> m_Backoff;
486 typedef intrusive::node_to_value<TreiberStack> node_to_value;
487 typedef treiber_stack::operation< value_type > operation_desc;
492 void clear_links( node_type * pNode ) CDS_NOEXCEPT
494 pNode->m_pNext.store( nullptr, memory_model::memory_order_relaxed );
497 template <bool EnableElimination>
498 struct elimination_backoff_impl;
502 // GC and node_type::gc must be the same
503 static_assert(( std::is_same<gc, typename node_type::gc>::value ), "GC and node_type::gc must be the same");
505 // For cds::gc::HRC, only base_hook is allowed
508 std::is_same<gc, cds::gc::HRC>::value,
509 std::is_same< typename hook::hook_type, opt::base_hook_tag >,
512 ), "For cds::gc::HRC, only base_hook is allowed");
514 static_assert( (!enable_elimination || std::is_same<typename elimination_random_engine::result_type, unsigned int>::value),
515 "Random engine result type must be unsigned int" );
521 /// Constructs empty stack
528 /// Constructs empty stack and initializes elimination back-off data
530 This form should be used if you use elimination back-off with dynamically allocated collision array, i.e
531 \p Options... contains cds::opt::buffer< cds::opt::v::dynamic_buffer >.
532 \p nCollisionCapacity parameter specifies the capacity of collision array.
534 TreiberStack( size_t nCollisionCapacity )
536 , m_Backoff( nCollisionCapacity )
541 /// Destructor calls \ref cds_intrusive_TreiberStack_clear "clear" member function
547 /// Push the item \p val on the stack
549 No copying is made since it is intrusive stack.
551 bool push( value_type& val )
553 node_type * pNew = node_traits::to_node_ptr( val );
554 link_checker::is_empty( pNew );
559 if ( enable_elimination ) {
560 op.idOp = treiber_stack::op_push;
564 node_type * t = m_Top.load(memory_model::memory_order_relaxed);
566 pNew->m_pNext.store( t, memory_model::memory_order_relaxed );
567 if ( m_Top.compare_exchange_weak( t, pNew, memory_model::memory_order_release, atomics::memory_order_relaxed )) { // #1 sync-with #2
574 if ( m_Backoff.backoff( op, m_stat ))
579 /// Pop an item from the stack
581 If stack is empty, returns \p nullptr.
582 The disposer is <b>not</b> called for popped item.
583 See \ref cds_intrusive_item_destroying "Destroying items of intrusive containers".
588 typename gc::Guard guard;
591 if ( enable_elimination ) {
592 op.idOp = treiber_stack::op_pop;
596 node_type * t = guard.protect( m_Top, node_to_value() );
598 return nullptr; // stack is empty
600 node_type * pNext = t->m_pNext.load(memory_model::memory_order_relaxed);
601 if ( m_Top.compare_exchange_weak( t, pNext, memory_model::memory_order_acquire, atomics::memory_order_relaxed )) { // #2
605 return node_traits::to_value_ptr( *t );
609 if ( m_Backoff.backoff( op, m_stat )) {
610 // may return nullptr if stack is empty
616 /// Check if stack is empty
619 // http://www.manning-sandbox.com/thread.jspa?threadID=46245&tstart=0
620 return m_Top.load( memory_model::memory_order_relaxed ) == nullptr;
624 /** @anchor cds_intrusive_TreiberStack_clear
625 For each removed item the disposer is called.
628 It is possible that after <tt>clear()</tt> the <tt>empty()</tt> returns \p false
629 if some other thread pushes an item into the stack during \p clear works
636 pTop = m_Top.load( memory_model::memory_order_relaxed );
637 if ( pTop == nullptr )
639 if ( m_Top.compare_exchange_weak( pTop, nullptr, memory_model::memory_order_acq_rel, atomics::memory_order_relaxed ) ) { // sync-with #1 and #2
640 m_ItemCounter.reset();
647 node_type * p = pTop;
648 pTop = p->m_pNext.load(memory_model::memory_order_relaxed);
650 gc::template retire<disposer>( node_traits::to_value_ptr( *p ) );
654 /// Returns stack's item count
656 The value returned depends on opt::item_counter option. For atomicity::empty_item_counter,
657 this function always returns 0.
659 <b>Warning</b>: even if you use real item counter and it returns 0, this fact is not mean that the stack
660 is empty. To check emptyness use \ref empty() method.
664 return m_ItemCounter.value();
667 /// Returns reference to internal statistics
668 stat const& statistics() const
674 }} // namespace cds::intrusive
676 #endif // #ifndef __CDS_INTRUSIVE_TREIBER_STACK_H