private Integer[] choices;
private Integer[] refChoices; // Second reference to a copy of choices (choices may be modified for fair scheduling)
private int choiceCounter;
- private int lastCGStateId; // Record the state of the currently active CG
private int maxEventChoice;
// Data structure to track the events seen by each state to track cycles (containing all events) for termination
private HashSet<Integer> currVisitedStates; // States being visited in the current execution
private HashSet<Integer> prevVisitedStates; // States visited in the previous execution
private HashMap<Integer, HashSet<Integer>> stateToEventMap;
// Data structure to analyze field Read/Write accesses and conflicts
- private HashMap<Integer, LinkedList<Integer[]>> backtrackMap; // Track created backtracking points
- private PriorityQueue<Integer> backtrackStateQ; // Heap that returns the latest state
- private ArrayList<BacktrackPoint> backtrackPointList; // Record backtrack points (CG and choice)
- private HashMap<Integer, IntChoiceFromSet> cgMap; // Maps state IDs to CGs
- private HashMap<Integer, HashSet<Integer>> conflictPairMap; // Record conflicting events
- private HashSet<String> doneBacktrackSet; // Record state ID and trace that are done
- private HashMap<Integer, ReadWriteSet> readWriteFieldsMap; // Record fields that are accessed
+ private HashMap<Integer, LinkedList<Integer[]>> backtrackMap; // Track created backtracking points
+ private PriorityQueue<Integer> backtrackStateQ; // Heap that returns the latest state
+ private ArrayList<BacktrackPoint> backtrackPointList; // Record backtrack points (CG, state Id, and choice)
+ private HashMap<Integer, HashSet<Integer>> conflictPairMap; // Record conflicting events
+ private HashSet<String> doneBacktrackSet; // Record state ID and trace already constructed
+ private HashMap<Integer,Integer> newStateEventMap; // Record event producing a new state ID
+ private HashMap<Integer, ReadWriteSet> readWriteFieldsMap; // Record fields that are accessed
+ private HashMap<Integer, RestorableVMState> restorableStateMap; // Maps state IDs to the restorable state object
// Visible operation dependency graph implementation (SPIN paper) related fields
+ private int currChoiceValue;
private int prevChoiceValue;
private HashMap<Integer, HashSet<Integer>> vodGraphMap; // Visible operation dependency graph (VOD graph)
// Boolean states
private boolean isBooleanCGFlipped;
- private boolean isFirstResetDone;
private boolean isEndOfExecution;
+ // Statistics
+ private int numOfTransitions;
+
public DPORStateReducer(Config config, JPF jpf) {
verboseMode = config.getBoolean("printout_state_transition", false);
stateReductionMode = config.getBoolean("activate_state_reduction", true);
out = null;
}
isBooleanCGFlipped = false;
+ numOfTransitions = 0;
+ restorableStateMap = new HashMap<>();
initializeStatesVariables();
}
@Override
public void searchFinished(Search search) {
if (verboseMode) {
+ out.println("\n==> DEBUG: ----------------------------------- search finished");
+ out.println("\n==> DEBUG: State reduction mode : " + stateReductionMode);
+ out.println("\n==> DEBUG: Number of transitions : " + numOfTransitions);
out.println("\n==> DEBUG: ----------------------------------- search finished" + "\n");
}
}
// Use a modulo since choiceCounter is going to keep increasing
int choiceIndex = choiceCounter % choices.length;
icsCG.advance(choices[choiceIndex]);
- // Index the ChoiceGenerator to set backtracking points
- BacktrackPoint backtrackPoint = new BacktrackPoint(icsCG, choices[choiceIndex]);
- backtrackPointList.add(backtrackPoint);
} else {
// Set done all CGs while transitioning to a new execution
icsCG.setDone();
if (currentCG instanceof IntChoiceFromSet) {
IntChoiceFromSet icsCG = (IntChoiceFromSet) currentCG;
// If this is a new CG then we need to update data structures
- resetStatesForNewExecution(icsCG);
+ resetStatesForNewExecution(icsCG, vm);
// If we don't see a fair scheduling of events/choices then we have to enforce it
- checkAndEnforceFairScheduling(icsCG);
+ fairSchedulingAndBacktrackPoint(icsCG, vm);
// Map state to event
mapStateToEvent(icsCG.getNextChoice());
- // Update the VOD graph always with the latest
- updateVODGraph(icsCG.getNextChoice());
- // Check if we have seen this state or this state contains cycles that involve all events
- if (terminateCurrentExecution()) {
- exploreNextBacktrackPoints(icsCG, vm);
+ // Explore the next backtrack point:
+ // 1) if we have seen this state or this state contains cycles that involve all events, and
+ // 2) after the current CG is advanced at least once
+ if (terminateCurrentExecution() && choiceCounter > 0) {
+ exploreNextBacktrackPoints(vm, icsCG);
+ } else {
+ numOfTransitions++;
}
justVisitedStates.clear();
choiceCounter++;
}
+ } else {
+ numOfTransitions++;
}
}
if (isConflictFound(nextInsn, eventCounter, currentChoice, fieldClass) &&
isNewConflict(currentChoice, eventCounter)) {
// Lines 4-8 of the algorithm in the paper page 11 (see the heading note above)
- if (vm.isNewState() || isReachableInVODGraph(currentChoice)) {
+ if (vm.isNewState() || isReachableInVODGraph(currentChoice, vm)) {
createBacktrackingPoint(currentChoice, eventCounter);
}
}
}
}
- // This class compactly stores backtracking points: 1) backtracking ChoiceGenerator, and 2) backtracking choices
+ // This class compactly stores backtrack points: 1) backtrack state ID, and 2) backtracking choices
private class BacktrackPoint {
- private IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG; // CG to backtrack from
+ private IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG; // CG at this backtrack point
+ private int stateId; // State at this backtrack point
private int choice; // Choice chosen at this backtrack point
- public BacktrackPoint(IntChoiceFromSet cg, int cho) {
+ public BacktrackPoint(IntChoiceFromSet cg, int stId, int cho) {
backtrackCG = cg;
+ stateId = stId;
choice = cho;
}
- public IntChoiceFromSet getBacktrackCG() {
- return backtrackCG;
+ public IntChoiceFromSet getBacktrackCG() { return backtrackCG; }
+
+ public int getStateId() {
+ return stateId;
}
public int getChoice() {
private final static String JAVA_STRING_LIB = "java.lang.String";
// -- FUNCTIONS
- private void checkAndEnforceFairScheduling(IntChoiceFromSet icsCG) {
+ private void fairSchedulingAndBacktrackPoint(IntChoiceFromSet icsCG, VM vm) {
// Check the next choice and if the value is not the same as the expected then force the expected value
int choiceIndex = choiceCounter % refChoices.length;
int nextChoice = icsCG.getNextChoice();
icsCG.setChoice(currCGIndex, expectedChoice);
}
}
+ // Update current choice
+ currChoiceValue = refChoices[choiceIndex];
+ // Record state ID and choice/event as backtrack point
+ int stateId = vm.getStateId();
+ backtrackPointList.add(new BacktrackPoint(icsCG, stateId, refChoices[choiceIndex]));
+ // Store restorable state object for this state (always store the latest)
+ RestorableVMState restorableState = vm.getRestorableState();
+ restorableStateMap.put(stateId, restorableState);
}
private Integer[] copyChoices(Integer[] choicesToCopy) {
choices = null;
refChoices = null;
choiceCounter = 0;
- lastCGStateId = 0;
maxEventChoice = 0;
// Cycle tracking
currVisitedStates = new HashSet<>();
backtrackMap = new HashMap<>();
backtrackStateQ = new PriorityQueue<>(Collections.reverseOrder());
backtrackPointList = new ArrayList<>();
- cgMap = new HashMap<>();
conflictPairMap = new HashMap<>();
doneBacktrackSet = new HashSet<>();
+ newStateEventMap = new HashMap<>();
readWriteFieldsMap = new HashMap<>();
// VOD graph
+ currChoiceValue = 0;
prevChoiceValue = -1;
vodGraphMap = new HashMap<>();
// Booleans
isEndOfExecution = false;
- isFirstResetDone = false;
}
private void mapStateToEvent(int nextChoiceValue) {
stateToEventMap.put(stateId, eventSet);
}
justVisitedStates.add(stateId);
+ // Update the VOD graph when there is a new state
+ updateVODGraph(search.getVM());
}
// --- Functions related to Read/Write access analysis on shared fields
- private void addNewBacktrackPoint(IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG, Integer[] newChoiceList) {
- int stateId = backtrackCG.getStateId();
+ private void addNewBacktrackPoint(int stateId, Integer[] newChoiceList) {
// Insert backtrack point to the right state ID
LinkedList<Integer[]> backtrackList;
if (backtrackMap.containsKey(stateId)) {
backtrackMap.put(stateId, backtrackList);
}
backtrackList.addFirst(newChoiceList);
- // Add CG for this state ID if there isn't one yet
- if (!cgMap.containsKey(stateId)) {
- cgMap.put(stateId, backtrackCG);
- }
// Add to priority queue
if (!backtrackStateQ.contains(stateId)) {
backtrackStateQ.add(stateId);
// If current choice is not the same, then this is caused by the firing of IntIntervalGenerator
// for certain method calls in the infrastructure, e.g., eventSince()
int currChoiceInd = currentChoice % refChoices.length;
- int currChoiceFromCG = getCurrentChoice(vm);
+ int currChoiceFromCG = currChoiceInd;
+ ChoiceGenerator<?> currentCG = vm.getChoiceGenerator();
+ // This is the main event CG
+ if (currentCG instanceof IntIntervalGenerator) {
+ // This is the interval CG used in device handlers
+ ChoiceGenerator<?> parentCG = ((IntIntervalGenerator) currentCG).getPreviousChoiceGenerator();
+ int actualEvtNum = ((IntChoiceFromSet) parentCG).getNextChoice();
+ // Find the index of the event/choice in refChoices
+ for (int i = 0; i<refChoices.length; i++) {
+ if (actualEvtNum == refChoices[i]) {
+ currChoiceFromCG = i;
+ break;
+ }
+ }
+ }
if (currChoiceInd != currChoiceFromCG) {
currentChoice = (currentChoice - currChoiceInd) + currChoiceFromCG;
}
}
}
// Get the backtrack CG for this backtrack point
- IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG = backtrackPointList.get(confEvtNum).getBacktrackCG();
+ int stateId = backtrackPointList.get(confEvtNum).getStateId();
// Check if this trace has been done starting from this state
- if (isTraceConstructed(newChoiceList, backtrackCG)) {
+ if (isTraceAlreadyConstructed(newChoiceList, stateId)) {
return;
}
- //BacktrackPoint backtrackPoint = new BacktrackPoint(backtrackCG, newChoiceList);
- addNewBacktrackPoint(backtrackCG, newChoiceList);
+ addNewBacktrackPoint(stateId, newChoiceList);
}
private boolean excludeThisForItContains(String[] excludedStrings, String className) {
return false;
}
- private void exploreNextBacktrackPoints(IntChoiceFromSet icsCG, VM vm) {
- // We can start exploring the next backtrack point after the current CG is advanced at least once
- if (icsCG.getNextChoiceIndex() > 0) {
- // Check if we are reaching the end of our execution: no more backtracking points to explore
- if (!backtrackMap.isEmpty()) {
- setNextBacktrackPoint(icsCG);
- }
- // Save all the visited states when starting a new execution of trace
- prevVisitedStates.addAll(currVisitedStates);
- currVisitedStates.clear();
- // This marks a transitional period to the new CG
- isEndOfExecution = true;
- }
- }
-
- private int getCurrentChoice(VM vm) {
- ChoiceGenerator<?> currentCG = vm.getChoiceGenerator();
- // This is the main event CG
- if (currentCG instanceof IntChoiceFromSet) {
- return ((IntChoiceFromSet) currentCG).getNextChoiceIndex();
- } else {
- // This is the interval CG used in device handlers
- ChoiceGenerator<?> parentCG = ((IntIntervalGenerator) currentCG).getPreviousChoiceGenerator();
- return ((IntChoiceFromSet) parentCG).getNextChoiceIndex();
- }
+ private void exploreNextBacktrackPoints(VM vm, IntChoiceFromSet icsCG) {
+
+ // Check if we are reaching the end of our execution: no more backtracking points to explore
+ // cgMap, backtrackMap, backtrackStateQ are updated simultaneously (checking backtrackStateQ is enough)
+ if (!backtrackStateQ.isEmpty()) {
+ // Set done all the other backtrack points
+ for (BacktrackPoint backtrackPoint : backtrackPointList) {
+ backtrackPoint.getBacktrackCG().setDone();
+ }
+ // Reset the next backtrack point with the latest state
+ int hiStateId = backtrackStateQ.peek();
+ // Restore the state first if necessary
+ if (vm.getStateId() != hiStateId) {
+ RestorableVMState restorableState = restorableStateMap.get(hiStateId);
+ vm.restoreState(restorableState);
+ }
+ // Set the backtrack CG
+ IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG = (IntChoiceFromSet) vm.getChoiceGenerator();
+ setBacktrackCG(hiStateId, backtrackCG);
+ } else {
+ // Set done this last CG (we save a few rounds)
+ icsCG.setDone();
+ }
+ // Save all the visited states when starting a new execution of trace
+ prevVisitedStates.addAll(currVisitedStates);
+ currVisitedStates.clear();
+ // This marks a transitional period to the new CG
+ isEndOfExecution = true;
}
private ReadWriteSet getReadWriteSet(int currentChoice) {
}
private boolean isConflictFound(Instruction nextInsn, int eventCounter, int currentChoice, String fieldClass) {
- int actualEvtCntr = eventCounter % refChoices.length;
+
int actualCurrCho = currentChoice % refChoices.length;
// Skip if this event does not have any Read/Write set or the two events are basically the same event (number)
- if (!readWriteFieldsMap.containsKey(eventCounter) || choices[actualCurrCho] == choices[actualEvtCntr]) {
+ if (!readWriteFieldsMap.containsKey(eventCounter) ||
+ choices[actualCurrCho] == backtrackPointList.get(eventCounter).getChoice()) {
return false;
}
ReadWriteSet rwSet = readWriteFieldsMap.get(eventCounter);
return true;
}
- private boolean isTraceConstructed(Integer[] choiceList, IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG) {
- // Concatenate state ID and trace in a string, e.g., "1:10234"
- int stateId = backtrackCG.getStateId();
+ private boolean isTraceAlreadyConstructed(Integer[] choiceList, int stateId) {
+ // Concatenate state ID and only the first event in the string, e.g., "1:1 for the trace 10234 at state 1"
+ // TODO: THIS IS AN OPTIMIZATION!
+ // This is the optimized version because after we execute, e.g., the trace 1:10234, we don't need to try
+ // another trace that starts with event 1 at state 1, e.g., the trace 1:13024
+ // The second time this event 1 is explored, it will generate the same state as the first one
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
sb.append(stateId);
sb.append(':');
- for(Integer choice : choiceList) {
- sb.append(choice);
- }
+ sb.append(choiceList[0]);
// Check if the trace has been constructed as a backtrack point for this state
if (doneBacktrackSet.contains(sb.toString())) {
return true;
return false;
}
- private void resetStatesForNewExecution(IntChoiceFromSet icsCG) {
+ private void resetStatesForNewExecution(IntChoiceFromSet icsCG, VM vm) {
if (choices == null || choices != icsCG.getAllChoices()) {
// Reset state variables
choiceCounter = 0;
choices = icsCG.getAllChoices();
refChoices = copyChoices(choices);
- lastCGStateId = icsCG.getStateId();
// Clearing data structures
conflictPairMap.clear();
readWriteFieldsMap.clear();
stateToEventMap.clear();
isEndOfExecution = false;
- // Adding this CG as the first backtrack point for this execution
- backtrackPointList.add(new BacktrackPoint(icsCG, choices[0]));
+ backtrackPointList.clear();
}
}
- private void setBacktrackCG(int stateId) {
+ private void setBacktrackCG(int stateId, IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG) {
// Set a backtrack CG based on a state ID
- IntChoiceFromSet backtrackCG = cgMap.get(stateId);
LinkedList<Integer[]> backtrackChoices = backtrackMap.get(stateId);
backtrackCG.setNewValues(backtrackChoices.removeLast()); // Get the last from the queue
+ backtrackCG.setStateId(stateId);
backtrackCG.reset();
// Remove from the queue if we don't have more backtrack points for that state
if (backtrackChoices.isEmpty()) {
- cgMap.remove(stateId);
backtrackMap.remove(stateId);
backtrackStateQ.remove(stateId);
}
}
- private void setNextBacktrackPoint(IntChoiceFromSet icsCG) {
-
- HashSet<IntChoiceFromSet> backtrackCGs = new HashSet<>(cgMap.values());
- if (!isFirstResetDone) {
- // Reset the last CG of every LinkedList in the map and set done everything else
- for (Integer stateId : cgMap.keySet()) {
- setBacktrackCG(stateId);
- }
- isFirstResetDone = true;
- } else {
- // Check if we still have backtrack points for the last state after the last backtrack
- if (backtrackMap.containsKey(lastCGStateId)) {
- setBacktrackCG(lastCGStateId);
- } else {
- // We try to reset new CGs (if we do have) when we are running out of active CGs
- if (!backtrackStateQ.isEmpty()) {
- // Reset the next CG with the latest state
- int hiStateId = backtrackStateQ.peek();
- setBacktrackCG(hiStateId);
- }
- }
- }
- // Clear unused CGs
- for(BacktrackPoint backtrackPoint : backtrackPointList) {
- IntChoiceFromSet cg = backtrackPoint.getBacktrackCG();
- if (!backtrackCGs.contains(cg)) {
- cg.setDone();
- }
- }
- backtrackPointList.clear();
- }
-
// --- Functions related to the visible operation dependency graph implementation discussed in the SPIN paper
- // This method checks whether a choice is reachable in the VOD graph from a reference choice (BFS algorithm)
- //private boolean isReachableInVODGraph(int checkedChoice, int referenceChoice) {
- private boolean isReachableInVODGraph(int currentChoice) {
- // Extract previous and current events
+ // This method checks whether a choice/event (transition) is reachable from the choice/event that produces
+ // the state right before this state in the VOD graph
+ // We use a BFS algorithm for this purpose
+ private boolean isReachableInVODGraph(int currentChoice, VM vm) {
+ // Current event
int choiceIndex = currentChoice % refChoices.length;
int currEvent = refChoices[choiceIndex];
- int prevEvent = refChoices[choiceIndex - 1];
- // Record visited choices as we search in the graph
- HashSet<Integer> visitedChoice = new HashSet<>();
- visitedChoice.add(prevEvent);
- LinkedList<Integer> nodesToVisit = new LinkedList<>();
- // If the state doesn't advance as the threads/sub-programs are executed (basically there is no new state),
- // there is a chance that the graph doesn't have new nodes---thus this check will return a null.
+ // Previous event
+ int stateId = vm.getStateId(); // A state that has been seen
+ int prevEvent = newStateEventMap.get(stateId);
+ // Only start traversing the graph if prevEvent has an outgoing edge
if (vodGraphMap.containsKey(prevEvent)) {
+ // Record visited choices as we search in the graph
+ HashSet<Integer> visitedChoice = new HashSet<>();
+ visitedChoice.add(prevEvent);
+ // Get the first nodes to visit (the neighbors of prevEvent)
+ LinkedList<Integer> nodesToVisit = new LinkedList<>();
nodesToVisit.addAll(vodGraphMap.get(prevEvent));
- while(!nodesToVisit.isEmpty()) {
- int choice = nodesToVisit.getFirst();
+ // Traverse the graph using BFS
+ while (!nodesToVisit.isEmpty()) {
+ int choice = nodesToVisit.removeFirst();
if (choice == currEvent) {
return true;
}
- if (visitedChoice.contains(choice)) { // If there is a loop then we don't find it
- return false;
+ if (visitedChoice.contains(choice)) { // If there is a loop then just continue the exploration
+ continue;
}
// Continue searching
visitedChoice.add(choice);
return false;
}
- private void updateVODGraph(int currChoiceValue) {
- // Update the graph when we have the current choice value
- HashSet<Integer> choiceSet;
- if (vodGraphMap.containsKey(prevChoiceValue)) {
- // If the key already exists, just retrieve it
- choiceSet = vodGraphMap.get(prevChoiceValue);
- } else {
- // Create a new entry
- choiceSet = new HashSet<>();
- vodGraphMap.put(prevChoiceValue, choiceSet);
+ private void updateVODGraph(VM vm) {
+ // Do this only if it is a new state
+ if (vm.isNewState()) {
+ // Update the graph when we have the current choice value
+ HashSet<Integer> choiceSet;
+ if (vodGraphMap.containsKey(prevChoiceValue)) {
+ // If the key already exists, just retrieve it
+ choiceSet = vodGraphMap.get(prevChoiceValue);
+ } else {
+ // Create a new entry
+ choiceSet = new HashSet<>();
+ vodGraphMap.put(prevChoiceValue, choiceSet);
+ }
+ choiceSet.add(currChoiceValue);
+ prevChoiceValue = currChoiceValue;
+ // Map this state ID to the event (transition) that produces it
+ newStateEventMap.put(vm.getStateId(), currChoiceValue);
}
- choiceSet.add(currChoiceValue);
- prevChoiceValue = currChoiceValue;
}
}