folly/concurrency/test/CacheLocalityBenchmark.cpp

   1 /*
   2  * Copyright 2016-present Facebook, Inc.
   3  *
   4  * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
   5  * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
   6  * You may obtain a copy of the License at
   7  *
   8  *   http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
   9  *
  10  * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
  11  * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
  12  * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
  13  * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
  14  * limitations under the License.
  15  */
  16
  17 #include <folly/concurrency/CacheLocality.h>
  18
  19 #include <memory>
  20 #include <thread>
  21 #include <unordered_map>
  22
  23 #include <glog/logging.h>
  24
  25 #include <folly/Benchmark.h>
  26
  27 using namespace folly;
  28
  29 #define DECLARE_SPREADER_TAG(tag, locality, func)      \
  30   namespace {                                          \
  31   template <typename dummy>                            \
  32   struct tag {};                                       \
  33   }                                                    \
  34   namespace folly {                                    \
  35   template <>                                          \
  36   const CacheLocality& CacheLocality::system<tag>() {  \
  37     static auto* inst = new CacheLocality(locality);   \
  38     return *inst;                                      \
  39   }                                                    \
  40   template <>                                          \
  41   Getcpu::Func AccessSpreader<tag>::pickGetcpuFunc() { \
  42     return func;                                       \
  43   }                                                    \
  44   }
  45
  46 DECLARE_SPREADER_TAG(
  47     ThreadLocalTag,
  48     CacheLocality::system<>(),
  49     folly::FallbackGetcpu<SequentialThreadId<std::atomic>>::getcpu)
  50 DECLARE_SPREADER_TAG(
  51     PthreadSelfTag,
  52     CacheLocality::system<>(),
  53     folly::FallbackGetcpu<HashingThreadId>::getcpu)
  54
  55 BENCHMARK(AccessSpreaderUse, iters) {
  56   for (unsigned long i = 0; i < iters; ++i) {
  57     auto x = AccessSpreader<>::current(16);
  58     folly::doNotOptimizeAway(x);
  59   }
  60 }
  61
  62 // Benchmark scores here reflect the time for 32 threads to perform an
  63 // atomic increment on a dual-socket E5-2660 @ 2.2Ghz.  Surprisingly,
  64 // if we don't separate the counters onto unique 128 byte stripes the
  65 // 1_stripe and 2_stripe results are identical, even though the L3 is
  66 // claimed to have 64 byte cache lines.
  67 //
  68 // Getcpu refers to the vdso getcpu implementation.  ThreadLocal refers
  69 // to execution using SequentialThreadId, the fallback if the vdso
  70 // getcpu isn't available.  PthreadSelf hashes the value returned from
  71 // pthread_self() as a fallback-fallback for systems that don't have
  72 // thread-local support.
  73 //
  74 // At 16_stripe_0_work and 32_stripe_0_work there is only L1 traffic,
  75 // so since the stripe selection is 12 nanos the atomic increments in
  76 // the L1 is ~17 nanos.  At width 8_stripe_0_work the line is expected
  77 // to ping-pong almost every operation, since the loops have the same
  78 // duration.  Widths 4 and 2 have the same behavior, but each tour of the
  79 // cache line is 4 and 8 cores long, respectively.  These all suggest a
  80 // lower bound of 60 nanos for intra-chip handoff and increment between
  81 // the L1s.
  82 //
  83 // With 420 nanos of busywork per contended increment, the system can
  84 // hide all of the latency of a tour of length 4, but not quite one of
  85 // length 8.  I was a bit surprised at how much worse the non-striped
  86 // version got.  It seems that the inter-chip traffic also interferes
  87 // with the L1-only localWork.load().  When the local work is doubled
  88 // to about 1 microsecond we see that the inter-chip contention is still
  89 // very important, but subdivisions on the same chip don't matter.
  90 //
  91 // sudo nice -n -20 buck-out/gen/folly/test/cache_locality_test
  92 //     --benchmark --bm_min_iters=1000000
  93 // ============================================================================
  94 // folly/test/CacheLocalityTest.cpp                relative  time/iter  iters/s
  95 // ============================================================================
  96 // AccessSpreaderUse                                           11.94ns   83.79M
  97 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
  98 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(1_stripe_0_work)                   985.75ns    1.01M
  99 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(2_stripe_0_work)                   424.02ns    2.36M
 100 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(4_stripe_0_work)                   190.13ns    5.26M
 101 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(8_stripe_0_work)                    91.86ns   10.89M
 102 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(16_stripe_0_work)                   29.31ns   34.12M
 103 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(32_stripe_0_work)                   29.53ns   33.86M
 104 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(64_stripe_0_work)                   29.93ns   33.41M
 105 // contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(2_stripe_0_work)              609.21ns    1.64M
 106 // contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(4_stripe_0_work)              303.60ns    3.29M
 107 // contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(8_stripe_0_work)              246.57ns    4.06M
 108 // contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(16_stripe_0_work)             154.84ns    6.46M
 109 // contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(32_stripe_0_work)              24.14ns   41.43M
 110 // contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(64_stripe_0_work)              23.95ns   41.75M
 111 // contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(2_stripe_0_work)              722.01ns    1.39M
 112 // contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(4_stripe_0_work)              501.56ns    1.99M
 113 // contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(8_stripe_0_work)              474.58ns    2.11M
 114 // contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(16_stripe_0_work)             300.90ns    3.32M
 115 // contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(32_stripe_0_work)             175.77ns    5.69M
 116 // contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(64_stripe_0_work)             174.88ns    5.72M
 117 // atomicIncrBaseline(local_incr_0_work)                       16.81ns   59.51M
 118 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 119 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(1_stripe_500_work)                   1.82us  549.97K
 120 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(2_stripe_500_work)                 533.71ns    1.87M
 121 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(4_stripe_500_work)                 424.64ns    2.35M
 122 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(8_stripe_500_work)                 451.85ns    2.21M
 123 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(16_stripe_500_work)                425.54ns    2.35M
 124 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(32_stripe_500_work)                501.66ns    1.99M
 125 // atomicIncrBaseline(local_incr_500_work)                    438.46ns    2.28M
 126 // ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 127 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(1_stripe_1000_work)                  1.88us  532.20K
 128 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(2_stripe_1000_work)                824.62ns    1.21M
 129 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(4_stripe_1000_work)                803.56ns    1.24M
 130 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(8_stripe_1000_work)                926.65ns    1.08M
 131 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(16_stripe_1000_work)               900.10ns    1.11M
 132 // contentionAtWidthGetcpu(32_stripe_1000_work)               890.75ns    1.12M
 133 // atomicIncrBaseline(local_incr_1000_work)                   774.47ns    1.29M
 134 // ============================================================================
 135 template <template <typename> class Tag>
 136 static void contentionAtWidth(size_t iters, size_t stripes, size_t work) {
 137   const size_t counterAlignment = 128;
 138   const size_t numThreads = 32;
 139
 140   folly::BenchmarkSuspender braces;
 141
 142   std::atomic<size_t> ready(0);
 143   std::atomic<bool> go(false);
 144
 145   // while in theory the cache line size is 64 bytes, experiments show
 146   // that we get contention on 128 byte boundaries for Ivy Bridge.  The
 147   // extra indirection adds 1 or 2 nanos
 148   assert(counterAlignment >= sizeof(std::atomic<size_t>));
 149   std::vector<char> raw(counterAlignment * stripes);
 150
 151   // if we happen to be using the tlsRoundRobin, then sequentially
 152   // assigning the thread identifiers is the unlikely best-case scenario.
 153   // We don't want to unfairly benefit or penalize.  Computing the exact
 154   // maximum likelihood of the probability distributions is annoying, so
 155   // I approximate as 2/5 of the ids that have no threads, 2/5 that have
 156   // 1, 2/15 that have 2, and 1/15 that have 3.  We accomplish this by
 157   // wrapping back to slot 0 when we hit 1/15 and 1/5.
 158
 159   std::vector<std::thread> threads;
 160   while (threads.size() < numThreads) {
 161     threads.push_back(std::thread([&, iters, stripes, work]() {
 162       auto counters = std::vector<std::atomic<size_t>*>(stripes);
 163       for (size_t i = 0; i < stripes; ++i) {
 164         counters[i] =
 165             new (raw.data() + counterAlignment * i) std::atomic<size_t>();
 166       }
 167
 168       ready++;
 169       while (!go.load()) {
 170         std::this_thread::yield();
 171       }
 172       std::atomic<int> localWork(0);
 173       for (size_t i = iters; i > 0; --i) {
 174         ++*(counters[AccessSpreader<Tag>::current(stripes)]);
 175         for (size_t j = work; j > 0; --j) {
 176           localWork.load();
 177         }
 178       }
 179     }));
 180
 181     if (threads.size() == numThreads / 15 || threads.size() == numThreads / 5) {
 182       // create a few dummy threads to wrap back around to 0 mod numCpus
 183       for (size_t i = threads.size(); i != numThreads; ++i) {
 184         std::thread([&]() { AccessSpreader<Tag>::current(stripes); }).join();
 185       }
 186     }
 187   }
 188
 189   while (ready < numThreads) {
 190     std::this_thread::yield();
 191   }
 192   braces.dismiss();
 193   go = true;
 194
 195   for (auto& thr : threads) {
 196     thr.join();
 197   }
 198 }
 199
 200 static void
 201 atomicIncrBaseline(size_t iters, size_t work, size_t numThreads = 32) {
 202   folly::BenchmarkSuspender braces;
 203
 204   std::atomic<bool> go(false);
 205
 206   std::vector<std::thread> threads;
 207   while (threads.size() < numThreads) {
 208     threads.push_back(std::thread([&]() {
 209       while (!go.load()) {
 210         std::this_thread::yield();
 211       }
 212       std::atomic<size_t> localCounter(0);
 213       std::atomic<int> localWork(0);
 214       for (size_t i = iters; i > 0; --i) {
 215         localCounter++;
 216         for (size_t j = work; j > 0; --j) {
 217           localWork.load();
 218         }
 219       }
 220     }));
 221   }
 222
 223   braces.dismiss();
 224   go = true;
 225
 226   for (auto& thr : threads) {
 227     thr.join();
 228   }
 229 }
 230
 231 static void contentionAtWidthGetcpu(size_t iters, size_t stripes, size_t work) {
 232   contentionAtWidth<std::atomic>(iters, stripes, work);
 233 }
 234
 235 static void
 236 contentionAtWidthThreadLocal(size_t iters, size_t stripes, size_t work) {
 237   contentionAtWidth<ThreadLocalTag>(iters, stripes, work);
 238 }
 239
 240 static void
 241 contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf(size_t iters, size_t stripes, size_t work) {
 242   contentionAtWidth<PthreadSelfTag>(iters, stripes, work);
 243 }
 244
 245 BENCHMARK_DRAW_LINE()
 246 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 1_stripe_0_work, 1, 0)
 247 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 2_stripe_0_work, 2, 0)
 248 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 4_stripe_0_work, 4, 0)
 249 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 8_stripe_0_work, 8, 0)
 250 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 16_stripe_0_work, 16, 0)
 251 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 32_stripe_0_work, 32, 0)
 252 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 64_stripe_0_work, 64, 0)
 253 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthThreadLocal, 2_stripe_0_work, 2, 0)
 254 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthThreadLocal, 4_stripe_0_work, 4, 0)
 255 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthThreadLocal, 8_stripe_0_work, 8, 0)
 256 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthThreadLocal, 16_stripe_0_work, 16, 0)
 257 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthThreadLocal, 32_stripe_0_work, 32, 0)
 258 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthThreadLocal, 64_stripe_0_work, 64, 0)
 259 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf, 2_stripe_0_work, 2, 0)
 260 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf, 4_stripe_0_work, 4, 0)
 261 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf, 8_stripe_0_work, 8, 0)
 262 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf, 16_stripe_0_work, 16, 0)
 263 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf, 32_stripe_0_work, 32, 0)
 264 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthPthreadSelf, 64_stripe_0_work, 64, 0)
 265 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(atomicIncrBaseline, local_incr_0_work, 0)
 266 BENCHMARK_DRAW_LINE()
 267 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 1_stripe_500_work, 1, 500)
 268 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 2_stripe_500_work, 2, 500)
 269 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 4_stripe_500_work, 4, 500)
 270 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 8_stripe_500_work, 8, 500)
 271 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 16_stripe_500_work, 16, 500)
 272 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 32_stripe_500_work, 32, 500)
 273 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(atomicIncrBaseline, local_incr_500_work, 500)
 274 BENCHMARK_DRAW_LINE()
 275 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 1_stripe_1000_work, 1, 1000)
 276 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 2_stripe_1000_work, 2, 1000)
 277 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 4_stripe_1000_work, 4, 1000)
 278 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 8_stripe_1000_work, 8, 1000)
 279 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 16_stripe_1000_work, 16, 1000)
 280 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(contentionAtWidthGetcpu, 32_stripe_1000_work, 32, 1000)
 281 BENCHMARK_NAMED_PARAM(atomicIncrBaseline, local_incr_1000_work, 1000)
 282
 283 int main(int argc, char** argv) {
 284   gflags::ParseCommandLineFlags(&argc, &argv, true);
 285   folly::runBenchmarks();
 286   return 0;
 287 }