check_recency: implement loops as function ModelAction::may_read_from()

[cdsspec-compiler.git] / model.cc

#include <stdio.h>
#include <algorithm>
#include <mutex>
#include <new>

#include "model.h"
#include "action.h"
#include "nodestack.h"
#include "schedule.h"
#include "snapshot-interface.h"
#include "common.h"
#include "clockvector.h"
#include "cyclegraph.h"
#include "promise.h"
#include "datarace.h"
#include "threads-model.h"
#include "output.h"

#define INITIAL_THREAD_ID       0

ModelChecker *model;

struct bug_message {
        bug_message(const char *str) {
                const char *fmt = "  [BUG] %s\n";
                msg = (char *)snapshot_malloc(strlen(fmt) + strlen(str));
                sprintf(msg, fmt, str);
        }
        ~bug_message() { if (msg) snapshot_free(msg); }

        char *msg;
        void print() { model_print("%s", msg); }

        SNAPSHOTALLOC
};

/**
 * Structure for holding small ModelChecker members that should be snapshotted
 */
struct model_snapshot_members {
        model_snapshot_members() :
                /* First thread created will have id INITIAL_THREAD_ID */
                next_thread_id(INITIAL_THREAD_ID),
                used_sequence_numbers(0),
                next_backtrack(NULL),
                bugs(),
                stats(),
                failed_promise(false),
                too_many_reads(false),
                no_valid_reads(false),
                bad_synchronization(false),
                asserted(false)
        { }

        ~model_snapshot_members() {
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < bugs.size(); i++)
                        delete bugs[i];
                bugs.clear();
        }

        unsigned int next_thread_id;
        modelclock_t used_sequence_numbers;
        ModelAction *next_backtrack;
        std::vector< bug_message *, SnapshotAlloc<bug_message *> > bugs;
        struct execution_stats stats;
        bool failed_promise;
        bool too_many_reads;
        bool no_valid_reads;
        /** @brief Incorrectly-ordered synchronization was made */
        bool bad_synchronization;
        bool asserted;

        SNAPSHOTALLOC
};

/** @brief Constructor */
ModelChecker::ModelChecker(struct model_params params) :
        /* Initialize default scheduler */
        params(params),
        scheduler(new Scheduler()),
        diverge(NULL),
        earliest_diverge(NULL),
        action_trace(new action_list_t()),
        thread_map(new HashTable<int, Thread *, int>()),
        obj_map(new HashTable<const void *, action_list_t *, uintptr_t, 4>()),
        lock_waiters_map(new HashTable<const void *, action_list_t *, uintptr_t, 4>()),
        condvar_waiters_map(new HashTable<const void *, action_list_t *, uintptr_t, 4>()),
        obj_thrd_map(new HashTable<void *, std::vector<action_list_t> *, uintptr_t, 4 >()),
        promises(new std::vector< Promise *, SnapshotAlloc<Promise *> >()),
        futurevalues(new std::vector< struct PendingFutureValue, SnapshotAlloc<struct PendingFutureValue> >()),
        pending_rel_seqs(new std::vector< struct release_seq *, SnapshotAlloc<struct release_seq *> >()),
        thrd_last_action(new std::vector< ModelAction *, SnapshotAlloc<ModelAction *> >(1)),
        thrd_last_fence_release(new std::vector< ModelAction *, SnapshotAlloc<ModelAction *> >()),
        node_stack(new NodeStack()),
        priv(new struct model_snapshot_members()),
        mo_graph(new CycleGraph())
{
        /* Initialize a model-checker thread, for special ModelActions */
        model_thread = new Thread(get_next_id());
        thread_map->put(id_to_int(model_thread->get_id()), model_thread);
}

/** @brief Destructor */
ModelChecker::~ModelChecker()
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++)
                delete thread_map->get(i);
        delete thread_map;

        delete obj_thrd_map;
        delete obj_map;
        delete lock_waiters_map;
        delete condvar_waiters_map;
        delete action_trace;

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++)
                delete (*promises)[i];
        delete promises;

        delete pending_rel_seqs;

        delete thrd_last_action;
        delete thrd_last_fence_release;
        delete node_stack;
        delete scheduler;
        delete mo_graph;
        delete priv;
}

static action_list_t * get_safe_ptr_action(HashTable<const void *, action_list_t *, uintptr_t, 4> * hash, void * ptr)
{
        action_list_t *tmp = hash->get(ptr);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
                tmp = new action_list_t();
                hash->put(ptr, tmp);
        }
        return tmp;
}

static std::vector<action_list_t> * get_safe_ptr_vect_action(HashTable<void *, std::vector<action_list_t> *, uintptr_t, 4> * hash, void * ptr)
{
        std::vector<action_list_t> *tmp = hash->get(ptr);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
                tmp = new std::vector<action_list_t>();
                hash->put(ptr, tmp);
        }
        return tmp;
}

/**
 * Restores user program to initial state and resets all model-checker data
 * structures.
 */
void ModelChecker::reset_to_initial_state()
{
        DEBUG("+++ Resetting to initial state +++\n");
        node_stack->reset_execution();

        /* Print all model-checker output before rollback */
        fflush(model_out);

        /**
         * FIXME: if we utilize partial rollback, we will need to free only
         * those pending actions which were NOT pending before the rollback
         * point
         */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++)
                delete get_thread(int_to_id(i))->get_pending();

        snapshot_backtrack_before(0);
}

/** @return a thread ID for a new Thread */
thread_id_t ModelChecker::get_next_id()
{
        return priv->next_thread_id++;
}

/** @return the number of user threads created during this execution */
unsigned int ModelChecker::get_num_threads() const
{
        return priv->next_thread_id;
}

/**
 * Must be called from user-thread context (e.g., through the global
 * thread_current() interface)
 *
 * @return The currently executing Thread.
 */
Thread * ModelChecker::get_current_thread() const
{
        return scheduler->get_current_thread();
}

/** @return a sequence number for a new ModelAction */
modelclock_t ModelChecker::get_next_seq_num()
{
        return ++priv->used_sequence_numbers;
}

Node * ModelChecker::get_curr_node() const
{
        return node_stack->get_head();
}

/**
 * @brief Choose the next thread to execute.
 *
 * This function chooses the next thread that should execute. It can force the
 * adjacency of read/write portions of a RMW action, force THREAD_CREATE to be
 * followed by a THREAD_START, or it can enforce execution replay/backtracking.
 * The model-checker may have no preference regarding the next thread (i.e.,
 * when exploring a new execution ordering), in which case we defer to the
 * scheduler.
 *
 * @param curr Optional: The current ModelAction. Only used if non-NULL and it
 * might guide the choice of next thread (i.e., THREAD_CREATE should be
 * followed by THREAD_START, or ATOMIC_RMWR followed by ATOMIC_{RMW,RMWC})
 * @return The next chosen thread to run, if any exist. Or else if no threads
 * remain to be executed, return NULL.
 */
Thread * ModelChecker::get_next_thread(ModelAction *curr)
{
        thread_id_t tid;

        if (curr != NULL) {
                /* Do not split atomic actions. */
                if (curr->is_rmwr())
                        return get_thread(curr);
                else if (curr->get_type() == THREAD_CREATE)
                        return curr->get_thread_operand();
        }

        /*
         * Have we completed exploring the preselected path? Then let the
         * scheduler decide
         */
        if (diverge == NULL)
                return scheduler->select_next_thread();

        /* Else, we are trying to replay an execution */
        ModelAction *next = node_stack->get_next()->get_action();

        if (next == diverge) {
                if (earliest_diverge == NULL || *diverge < *earliest_diverge)
                        earliest_diverge = diverge;

                Node *nextnode = next->get_node();
                Node *prevnode = nextnode->get_parent();
                scheduler->update_sleep_set(prevnode);

                /* Reached divergence point */
                if (nextnode->increment_misc()) {
                        /* The next node will try to satisfy a different misc_index values. */
                        tid = next->get_tid();
                        node_stack->pop_restofstack(2);
                } else if (nextnode->increment_promise()) {
                        /* The next node will try to satisfy a different set of promises. */
                        tid = next->get_tid();
                        node_stack->pop_restofstack(2);
                } else if (nextnode->increment_read_from()) {
                        /* The next node will read from a different value. */
                        tid = next->get_tid();
                        node_stack->pop_restofstack(2);
                } else if (nextnode->increment_relseq_break()) {
                        /* The next node will try to resolve a release sequence differently */
                        tid = next->get_tid();
                        node_stack->pop_restofstack(2);
                } else {
                        ASSERT(prevnode);
                        /* Make a different thread execute for next step */
                        scheduler->add_sleep(get_thread(next->get_tid()));
                        tid = prevnode->get_next_backtrack();
                        /* Make sure the backtracked thread isn't sleeping. */
                        node_stack->pop_restofstack(1);
                        if (diverge == earliest_diverge) {
                                earliest_diverge = prevnode->get_action();
                        }
                }
                /* Start the round robin scheduler from this thread id */
                scheduler->set_scheduler_thread(tid);
                /* The correct sleep set is in the parent node. */
                execute_sleep_set();

                DEBUG("*** Divergence point ***\n");

                diverge = NULL;
        } else {
                tid = next->get_tid();
        }
        DEBUG("*** ModelChecker chose next thread = %d ***\n", id_to_int(tid));
        ASSERT(tid != THREAD_ID_T_NONE);
        return thread_map->get(id_to_int(tid));
}

/**
 * We need to know what the next actions of all threads in the sleep
 * set will be.  This method computes them and stores the actions at
 * the corresponding thread object's pending action.
 */

void ModelChecker::execute_sleep_set()
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++) {
                thread_id_t tid = int_to_id(i);
                Thread *thr = get_thread(tid);
                if (scheduler->is_sleep_set(thr) && thr->get_pending()) {
                        thr->get_pending()->set_sleep_flag();
                }
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Should the current action wake up a given thread?
 *
 * @param curr The current action
 * @param thread The thread that we might wake up
 * @return True, if we should wake up the sleeping thread; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::should_wake_up(const ModelAction *curr, const Thread *thread) const
{
        const ModelAction *asleep = thread->get_pending();
        /* Don't allow partial RMW to wake anyone up */
        if (curr->is_rmwr())
                return false;
        /* Synchronizing actions may have been backtracked */
        if (asleep->could_synchronize_with(curr))
                return true;
        /* All acquire/release fences and fence-acquire/store-release */
        if (asleep->is_fence() && asleep->is_acquire() && curr->is_release())
                return true;
        /* Fence-release + store can awake load-acquire on the same location */
        if (asleep->is_read() && asleep->is_acquire() && curr->same_var(asleep) && curr->is_write()) {
                ModelAction *fence_release = get_last_fence_release(curr->get_tid());
                if (fence_release && *(get_last_action(thread->get_id())) < *fence_release)
                        return true;
        }
        return false;
}

void ModelChecker::wake_up_sleeping_actions(ModelAction *curr)
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++) {
                Thread *thr = get_thread(int_to_id(i));
                if (scheduler->is_sleep_set(thr)) {
                        if (should_wake_up(curr, thr))
                                /* Remove this thread from sleep set */
                                scheduler->remove_sleep(thr);
                }
        }
}

/** @brief Alert the model-checker that an incorrectly-ordered
 * synchronization was made */
void ModelChecker::set_bad_synchronization()
{
        priv->bad_synchronization = true;
}

/**
 * Check whether the current trace has triggered an assertion which should halt
 * its execution.
 *
 * @return True, if the execution should be aborted; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::has_asserted() const
{
        return priv->asserted;
}

/**
 * Trigger a trace assertion which should cause this execution to be halted.
 * This can be due to a detected bug or due to an infeasibility that should
 * halt ASAP.
 */
void ModelChecker::set_assert()
{
        priv->asserted = true;
}

/**
 * Check if we are in a deadlock. Should only be called at the end of an
 * execution, although it should not give false positives in the middle of an
 * execution (there should be some ENABLED thread).
 *
 * @return True if program is in a deadlock; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::is_deadlocked() const
{
        bool blocking_threads = false;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++) {
                thread_id_t tid = int_to_id(i);
                if (is_enabled(tid))
                        return false;
                Thread *t = get_thread(tid);
                if (!t->is_model_thread() && t->get_pending())
                        blocking_threads = true;
        }
        return blocking_threads;
}

/**
 * Check if this is a complete execution. That is, have all thread completed
 * execution (rather than exiting because sleep sets have forced a redundant
 * execution).
 *
 * @return True if the execution is complete.
 */
bool ModelChecker::is_complete_execution() const
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++)
                if (is_enabled(int_to_id(i)))
                        return false;
        return true;
}

/**
 * @brief Assert a bug in the executing program.
 *
 * Use this function to assert any sort of bug in the user program. If the
 * current trace is feasible (actually, a prefix of some feasible execution),
 * then this execution will be aborted, printing the appropriate message. If
 * the current trace is not yet feasible, the error message will be stashed and
 * printed if the execution ever becomes feasible.
 *
 * @param msg Descriptive message for the bug (do not include newline char)
 * @return True if bug is immediately-feasible
 */
bool ModelChecker::assert_bug(const char *msg)
{
        priv->bugs.push_back(new bug_message(msg));

        if (isfeasibleprefix()) {
                set_assert();
                return true;
        }
        return false;
}

/**
 * @brief Assert a bug in the executing program, asserted by a user thread
 * @see ModelChecker::assert_bug
 * @param msg Descriptive message for the bug (do not include newline char)
 */
void ModelChecker::assert_user_bug(const char *msg)
{
        /* If feasible bug, bail out now */
        if (assert_bug(msg))
                switch_to_master(NULL);
}

/** @return True, if any bugs have been reported for this execution */
bool ModelChecker::have_bug_reports() const
{
        return priv->bugs.size() != 0;
}

/** @brief Print bug report listing for this execution (if any bugs exist) */
void ModelChecker::print_bugs() const
{
        if (have_bug_reports()) {
                model_print("Bug report: %zu bug%s detected\n",
                                priv->bugs.size(),
                                priv->bugs.size() > 1 ? "s" : "");
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < priv->bugs.size(); i++)
                        priv->bugs[i]->print();
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Record end-of-execution stats
 *
 * Must be run when exiting an execution. Records various stats.
 * @see struct execution_stats
 */
void ModelChecker::record_stats()
{
        stats.num_total++;
        if (!isfeasibleprefix())
                stats.num_infeasible++;
        else if (have_bug_reports())
                stats.num_buggy_executions++;
        else if (is_complete_execution())
                stats.num_complete++;
        else {
                stats.num_redundant++;

                /**
                 * @todo We can violate this ASSERT() when fairness/sleep sets
                 * conflict to cause an execution to terminate, e.g. with:
                 * Scheduler: [0: disabled][1: disabled][2: sleep][3: current, enabled]
                 */
                //ASSERT(scheduler->all_threads_sleeping());
        }
}

/** @brief Print execution stats */
void ModelChecker::print_stats() const
{
        model_print("Number of complete, bug-free executions: %d\n", stats.num_complete);
        model_print("Number of redundant executions: %d\n", stats.num_redundant);
        model_print("Number of buggy executions: %d\n", stats.num_buggy_executions);
        model_print("Number of infeasible executions: %d\n", stats.num_infeasible);
        model_print("Total executions: %d\n", stats.num_total);
        model_print("Total nodes created: %d\n", node_stack->get_total_nodes());
}

/**
 * @brief End-of-exeuction print
 * @param printbugs Should any existing bugs be printed?
 */
void ModelChecker::print_execution(bool printbugs) const
{
        print_program_output();

        if (DBG_ENABLED() || params.verbose) {
                model_print("Earliest divergence point since last feasible execution:\n");
                if (earliest_diverge)
                        earliest_diverge->print();
                else
                        model_print("(Not set)\n");

                model_print("\n");
                print_stats();
        }

        /* Don't print invalid bugs */
        if (printbugs)
                print_bugs();

        model_print("\n");
        print_summary();
}

/**
 * Queries the model-checker for more executions to explore and, if one
 * exists, resets the model-checker state to execute a new execution.
 *
 * @return If there are more executions to explore, return true. Otherwise,
 * return false.
 */
bool ModelChecker::next_execution()
{
        DBG();
        /* Is this execution a feasible execution that's worth bug-checking? */
        bool complete = isfeasibleprefix() && (is_complete_execution() ||
                        have_bug_reports());

        /* End-of-execution bug checks */
        if (complete) {
                if (is_deadlocked())
                        assert_bug("Deadlock detected");

                checkDataRaces();
        }

        record_stats();

        /* Output */
        if (DBG_ENABLED() || params.verbose || (complete && have_bug_reports()))
                print_execution(complete);
        else
                clear_program_output();

        if (complete)
                earliest_diverge = NULL;

        if ((diverge = get_next_backtrack()) == NULL)
                return false;

        if (DBG_ENABLED()) {
                model_print("Next execution will diverge at:\n");
                diverge->print();
        }

        reset_to_initial_state();
        return true;
}

/**
 * @brief Find the last fence-related backtracking conflict for a ModelAction
 *
 * This function performs the search for the most recent conflicting action
 * against which we should perform backtracking, as affected by fence
 * operations. This includes pairs of potentially-synchronizing actions which
 * occur due to fence-acquire or fence-release, and hence should be explored in
 * the opposite execution order.
 *
 * @param act The current action
 * @return The most recent action which conflicts with act due to fences
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_fence_conflict(ModelAction *act) const
{
        /* Only perform release/acquire fence backtracking for stores */
        if (!act->is_write())
                return NULL;

        /* Find a fence-release (or, act is a release) */
        ModelAction *last_release;
        if (act->is_release())
                last_release = act;
        else
                last_release = get_last_fence_release(act->get_tid());
        if (!last_release)
                return NULL;

        /* Skip past the release */
        action_list_t *list = action_trace;
        action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
        for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++)
                if (*rit == last_release)
                        break;
        ASSERT(rit != list->rend());

        /* Find a prior:
         *   load-acquire
         * or
         *   load --sb-> fence-acquire */
        std::vector< ModelAction *, ModelAlloc<ModelAction *> > acquire_fences(get_num_threads(), NULL);
        std::vector< ModelAction *, ModelAlloc<ModelAction *> > prior_loads(get_num_threads(), NULL);
        bool found_acquire_fences = false;
        for ( ; rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                ModelAction *prev = *rit;
                if (act->same_thread(prev))
                        continue;

                int tid = id_to_int(prev->get_tid());

                if (prev->is_read() && act->same_var(prev)) {
                        if (prev->is_acquire()) {
                                /* Found most recent load-acquire, don't need
                                 * to search for more fences */
                                if (!found_acquire_fences)
                                        return NULL;
                        } else {
                                prior_loads[tid] = prev;
                        }
                }
                if (prev->is_acquire() && prev->is_fence() && !acquire_fences[tid]) {
                        found_acquire_fences = true;
                        acquire_fences[tid] = prev;
                }
        }

        ModelAction *latest_backtrack = NULL;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < acquire_fences.size(); i++)
                if (acquire_fences[i] && prior_loads[i])
                        if (!latest_backtrack || *latest_backtrack < *acquire_fences[i])
                                latest_backtrack = acquire_fences[i];
        return latest_backtrack;
}

/**
 * @brief Find the last backtracking conflict for a ModelAction
 *
 * This function performs the search for the most recent conflicting action
 * against which we should perform backtracking. This primary includes pairs of
 * synchronizing actions which should be explored in the opposite execution
 * order.
 *
 * @param act The current action
 * @return The most recent action which conflicts with act
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_conflict(ModelAction *act) const
{
        switch (act->get_type()) {
        /* case ATOMIC_FENCE: fences don't directly cause backtracking */
        case ATOMIC_READ:
        case ATOMIC_WRITE:
        case ATOMIC_RMW: {
                ModelAction *ret = NULL;

                /* linear search: from most recent to oldest */
                action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, act->get_location());
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *prev = *rit;
                        if (prev->could_synchronize_with(act)) {
                                ret = prev;
                                break;
                        }
                }

                ModelAction *ret2 = get_last_fence_conflict(act);
                if (!ret2)
                        return ret;
                if (!ret)
                        return ret2;
                if (*ret < *ret2)
                        return ret2;
                return ret;
        }
        case ATOMIC_LOCK:
        case ATOMIC_TRYLOCK: {
                /* linear search: from most recent to oldest */
                action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, act->get_location());
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *prev = *rit;
                        if (act->is_conflicting_lock(prev))
                                return prev;
                }
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_UNLOCK: {
                /* linear search: from most recent to oldest */
                action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, act->get_location());
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *prev = *rit;
                        if (!act->same_thread(prev) && prev->is_failed_trylock())
                                return prev;
                }
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_WAIT: {
                /* linear search: from most recent to oldest */
                action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, act->get_location());
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *prev = *rit;
                        if (!act->same_thread(prev) && prev->is_failed_trylock())
                                return prev;
                        if (!act->same_thread(prev) && prev->is_notify())
                                return prev;
                }
                break;
        }

        case ATOMIC_NOTIFY_ALL:
        case ATOMIC_NOTIFY_ONE: {
                /* linear search: from most recent to oldest */
                action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, act->get_location());
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *prev = *rit;
                        if (!act->same_thread(prev) && prev->is_wait())
                                return prev;
                }
                break;
        }
        default:
                break;
        }
        return NULL;
}

/** This method finds backtracking points where we should try to
 * reorder the parameter ModelAction against.
 *
 * @param the ModelAction to find backtracking points for.
 */
void ModelChecker::set_backtracking(ModelAction *act)
{
        Thread *t = get_thread(act);
        ModelAction *prev = get_last_conflict(act);
        if (prev == NULL)
                return;

        Node *node = prev->get_node()->get_parent();

        int low_tid, high_tid;
        if (node->enabled_status(t->get_id()) == THREAD_ENABLED) {
                low_tid = id_to_int(act->get_tid());
                high_tid = low_tid + 1;
        } else {
                low_tid = 0;
                high_tid = get_num_threads();
        }

        for (int i = low_tid; i < high_tid; i++) {
                thread_id_t tid = int_to_id(i);

                /* Make sure this thread can be enabled here. */
                if (i >= node->get_num_threads())
                        break;

                /* Don't backtrack into a point where the thread is disabled or sleeping. */
                if (node->enabled_status(tid) != THREAD_ENABLED)
                        continue;

                /* Check if this has been explored already */
                if (node->has_been_explored(tid))
                        continue;

                /* See if fairness allows */
                if (model->params.fairwindow != 0 && !node->has_priority(tid)) {
                        bool unfair = false;
                        for (int t = 0; t < node->get_num_threads(); t++) {
                                thread_id_t tother = int_to_id(t);
                                if (node->is_enabled(tother) && node->has_priority(tother)) {
                                        unfair = true;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
                        if (unfair)
                                continue;
                }
                /* Cache the latest backtracking point */
                set_latest_backtrack(prev);

                /* If this is a new backtracking point, mark the tree */
                if (!node->set_backtrack(tid))
                        continue;
                DEBUG("Setting backtrack: conflict = %d, instead tid = %d\n",
                                        id_to_int(prev->get_tid()),
                                        id_to_int(t->get_id()));
                if (DBG_ENABLED()) {
                        prev->print();
                        act->print();
                }
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Cache the a backtracking point as the "most recent", if eligible
 *
 * Note that this does not prepare the NodeStack for this backtracking
 * operation, it only caches the action on a per-execution basis
 *
 * @param act The operation at which we should explore a different next action
 * (i.e., backtracking point)
 * @return True, if this action is now the most recent backtracking point;
 * false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::set_latest_backtrack(ModelAction *act)
{
        if (!priv->next_backtrack || *act > *priv->next_backtrack) {
                priv->next_backtrack = act;
                return true;
        }
        return false;
}

/**
 * Returns last backtracking point. The model checker will explore a different
 * path for this point in the next execution.
 * @return The ModelAction at which the next execution should diverge.
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_next_backtrack()
{
        ModelAction *next = priv->next_backtrack;
        priv->next_backtrack = NULL;
        return next;
}

/**
 * Processes a read model action.
 * @param curr is the read model action to process.
 * @return True if processing this read updates the mo_graph.
 */
bool ModelChecker::process_read(ModelAction *curr)
{
        Node *node = curr->get_node();
        uint64_t value = VALUE_NONE;
        bool updated = false;
        while (true) {
                switch (node->get_read_from_status()) {
                case READ_FROM_PAST: {
                        const ModelAction *rf = node->get_read_from_past();
                        ASSERT(rf);

                        mo_graph->startChanges();
                        value = rf->get_value();
                        check_recency(curr, rf);
                        bool r_status = r_modification_order(curr, rf);

                        if (is_infeasible() && node->increment_read_from()) {
                                mo_graph->rollbackChanges();
                                priv->too_many_reads = false;
                                continue;
                        }

                        read_from(curr, rf);
                        mo_graph->commitChanges();
                        mo_check_promises(curr, true);

                        updated |= r_status;
                        break;
                }
                case READ_FROM_PROMISE: {
                        Promise *promise = curr->get_node()->get_read_from_promise();
                        promise->add_reader(curr);
                        value = promise->get_value();
                        curr->set_read_from_promise(promise);
                        mo_graph->startChanges();
                        updated = r_modification_order(curr, promise);
                        mo_graph->commitChanges();
                        break;
                }
                case READ_FROM_FUTURE: {
                        /* Read from future value */
                        struct future_value fv = node->get_future_value();
                        Promise *promise = new Promise(curr, fv);
                        value = fv.value;
                        curr->set_read_from_promise(promise);
                        promises->push_back(promise);
                        mo_graph->startChanges();
                        updated = r_modification_order(curr, promise);
                        mo_graph->commitChanges();
                        break;
                }
                default:
                        ASSERT(false);
                }
                get_thread(curr)->set_return_value(value);
                return updated;
        }
}

/**
 * Processes a lock, trylock, or unlock model action.  @param curr is
 * the read model action to process.
 *
 * The try lock operation checks whether the lock is taken.  If not,
 * it falls to the normal lock operation case.  If so, it returns
 * fail.
 *
 * The lock operation has already been checked that it is enabled, so
 * it just grabs the lock and synchronizes with the previous unlock.
 *
 * The unlock operation has to re-enable all of the threads that are
 * waiting on the lock.
 *
 * @return True if synchronization was updated; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::process_mutex(ModelAction *curr)
{
        std::mutex *mutex = NULL;
        struct std::mutex_state *state = NULL;

        if (curr->is_trylock() || curr->is_lock() || curr->is_unlock()) {
                mutex = (std::mutex *)curr->get_location();
                state = mutex->get_state();
        } else if (curr->is_wait()) {
                mutex = (std::mutex *)curr->get_value();
                state = mutex->get_state();
        }

        switch (curr->get_type()) {
        case ATOMIC_TRYLOCK: {
                bool success = !state->islocked;
                curr->set_try_lock(success);
                if (!success) {
                        get_thread(curr)->set_return_value(0);
                        break;
                }
                get_thread(curr)->set_return_value(1);
        }
                //otherwise fall into the lock case
        case ATOMIC_LOCK: {
                if (curr->get_cv()->getClock(state->alloc_tid) <= state->alloc_clock)
                        assert_bug("Lock access before initialization");
                state->islocked = true;
                ModelAction *unlock = get_last_unlock(curr);
                //synchronize with the previous unlock statement
                if (unlock != NULL) {
                        curr->synchronize_with(unlock);
                        return true;
                }
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_UNLOCK: {
                //unlock the lock
                state->islocked = false;
                //wake up the other threads
                action_list_t *waiters = get_safe_ptr_action(lock_waiters_map, curr->get_location());
                //activate all the waiting threads
                for (action_list_t::iterator rit = waiters->begin(); rit != waiters->end(); rit++) {
                        scheduler->wake(get_thread(*rit));
                }
                waiters->clear();
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_WAIT: {
                //unlock the lock
                state->islocked = false;
                //wake up the other threads
                action_list_t *waiters = get_safe_ptr_action(lock_waiters_map, (void *) curr->get_value());
                //activate all the waiting threads
                for (action_list_t::iterator rit = waiters->begin(); rit != waiters->end(); rit++) {
                        scheduler->wake(get_thread(*rit));
                }
                waiters->clear();
                //check whether we should go to sleep or not...simulate spurious failures
                if (curr->get_node()->get_misc() == 0) {
                        get_safe_ptr_action(condvar_waiters_map, curr->get_location())->push_back(curr);
                        //disable us
                        scheduler->sleep(get_thread(curr));
                }
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_NOTIFY_ALL: {
                action_list_t *waiters = get_safe_ptr_action(condvar_waiters_map, curr->get_location());
                //activate all the waiting threads
                for (action_list_t::iterator rit = waiters->begin(); rit != waiters->end(); rit++) {
                        scheduler->wake(get_thread(*rit));
                }
                waiters->clear();
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_NOTIFY_ONE: {
                action_list_t *waiters = get_safe_ptr_action(condvar_waiters_map, curr->get_location());
                int wakeupthread = curr->get_node()->get_misc();
                action_list_t::iterator it = waiters->begin();
                advance(it, wakeupthread);
                scheduler->wake(get_thread(*it));
                waiters->erase(it);
                break;
        }

        default:
                ASSERT(0);
        }
        return false;
}

void ModelChecker::add_future_value(const ModelAction *writer, ModelAction *reader)
{
        /* Do more ambitious checks now that mo is more complete */
        if (mo_may_allow(writer, reader)) {
                Node *node = reader->get_node();

                /* Find an ancestor thread which exists at the time of the reader */
                Thread *write_thread = get_thread(writer);
                while (id_to_int(write_thread->get_id()) >= node->get_num_threads())
                        write_thread = write_thread->get_parent();

                struct future_value fv = {
                        writer->get_write_value(),
                        writer->get_seq_number() + params.maxfuturedelay,
                        write_thread->get_id(),
                };
                if (node->add_future_value(fv))
                        set_latest_backtrack(reader);
        }
}

/**
 * Process a write ModelAction
 * @param curr The ModelAction to process
 * @return True if the mo_graph was updated or promises were resolved
 */
bool ModelChecker::process_write(ModelAction *curr)
{
        /* Readers to which we may send our future value */
        std::vector< ModelAction *, ModelAlloc<ModelAction *> > send_fv;

        bool updated_mod_order = w_modification_order(curr, &send_fv);
        int promise_idx = get_promise_to_resolve(curr);
        const ModelAction *earliest_promise_reader;
        bool updated_promises = false;

        if (promise_idx >= 0) {
                earliest_promise_reader = (*promises)[promise_idx]->get_reader(0);
                updated_promises = resolve_promise(curr, promise_idx);
        } else
                earliest_promise_reader = NULL;

        /* Don't send future values to reads after the Promise we resolve */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < send_fv.size(); i++) {
                ModelAction *read = send_fv[i];
                if (!earliest_promise_reader || *read < *earliest_promise_reader)
                        futurevalues->push_back(PendingFutureValue(curr, read));
        }

        if (promises->size() == 0) {
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < futurevalues->size(); i++) {
                        struct PendingFutureValue pfv = (*futurevalues)[i];
                        add_future_value(pfv.writer, pfv.act);
                }
                futurevalues->clear();
        }

        mo_graph->commitChanges();
        mo_check_promises(curr, false);

        get_thread(curr)->set_return_value(VALUE_NONE);
        return updated_mod_order || updated_promises;
}

/**
 * Process a fence ModelAction
 * @param curr The ModelAction to process
 * @return True if synchronization was updated
 */
bool ModelChecker::process_fence(ModelAction *curr)
{
        /*
         * fence-relaxed: no-op
         * fence-release: only log the occurence (not in this function), for
         *   use in later synchronization
         * fence-acquire (this function): search for hypothetical release
         *   sequences
         */
        bool updated = false;
        if (curr->is_acquire()) {
                action_list_t *list = action_trace;
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                /* Find X : is_read(X) && X --sb-> curr */
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *act = *rit;
                        if (act == curr)
                                continue;
                        if (act->get_tid() != curr->get_tid())
                                continue;
                        /* Stop at the beginning of the thread */
                        if (act->is_thread_start())
                                break;
                        /* Stop once we reach a prior fence-acquire */
                        if (act->is_fence() && act->is_acquire())
                                break;
                        if (!act->is_read())
                                continue;
                        /* read-acquire will find its own release sequences */
                        if (act->is_acquire())
                                continue;

                        /* Establish hypothetical release sequences */
                        rel_heads_list_t release_heads;
                        get_release_seq_heads(curr, act, &release_heads);
                        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < release_heads.size(); i++)
                                if (!curr->synchronize_with(release_heads[i]))
                                        set_bad_synchronization();
                        if (release_heads.size() != 0)
                                updated = true;
                }
        }
        return updated;
}

/**
 * @brief Process the current action for thread-related activity
 *
 * Performs current-action processing for a THREAD_* ModelAction. Proccesses
 * may include setting Thread status, completing THREAD_FINISH/THREAD_JOIN
 * synchronization, etc.  This function is a no-op for non-THREAD actions
 * (e.g., ATOMIC_{READ,WRITE,RMW,LOCK}, etc.)
 *
 * @param curr The current action
 * @return True if synchronization was updated or a thread completed
 */
bool ModelChecker::process_thread_action(ModelAction *curr)
{
        bool updated = false;

        switch (curr->get_type()) {
        case THREAD_CREATE: {
                thrd_t *thrd = (thrd_t *)curr->get_location();
                struct thread_params *params = (struct thread_params *)curr->get_value();
                Thread *th = new Thread(thrd, params->func, params->arg, get_thread(curr));
                add_thread(th);
                th->set_creation(curr);
                /* Promises can be satisfied by children */
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                        Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                        if (promise->thread_is_available(curr->get_tid()))
                                promise->add_thread(th->get_id());
                }
                break;
        }
        case THREAD_JOIN: {
                Thread *blocking = curr->get_thread_operand();
                ModelAction *act = get_last_action(blocking->get_id());
                curr->synchronize_with(act);
                updated = true; /* trigger rel-seq checks */
                break;
        }
        case THREAD_FINISH: {
                Thread *th = get_thread(curr);
                while (!th->wait_list_empty()) {
                        ModelAction *act = th->pop_wait_list();
                        scheduler->wake(get_thread(act));
                }
                th->complete();
                /* Completed thread can't satisfy promises */
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                        Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                        if (promise->thread_is_available(th->get_id()))
                                if (promise->eliminate_thread(th->get_id()))
                                        priv->failed_promise = true;
                }
                updated = true; /* trigger rel-seq checks */
                break;
        }
        case THREAD_START: {
                check_promises(curr->get_tid(), NULL, curr->get_cv());
                break;
        }
        default:
                break;
        }

        return updated;
}

/**
 * @brief Process the current action for release sequence fixup activity
 *
 * Performs model-checker release sequence fixups for the current action,
 * forcing a single pending release sequence to break (with a given, potential
 * "loose" write) or to complete (i.e., synchronize). If a pending release
 * sequence forms a complete release sequence, then we must perform the fixup
 * synchronization, mo_graph additions, etc.
 *
 * @param curr The current action; must be a release sequence fixup action
 * @param work_queue The work queue to which to add work items as they are
 * generated
 */
void ModelChecker::process_relseq_fixup(ModelAction *curr, work_queue_t *work_queue)
{
        const ModelAction *write = curr->get_node()->get_relseq_break();
        struct release_seq *sequence = pending_rel_seqs->back();
        pending_rel_seqs->pop_back();
        ASSERT(sequence);
        ModelAction *acquire = sequence->acquire;
        const ModelAction *rf = sequence->rf;
        const ModelAction *release = sequence->release;
        ASSERT(acquire);
        ASSERT(release);
        ASSERT(rf);
        ASSERT(release->same_thread(rf));

        if (write == NULL) {
                /**
                 * @todo Forcing a synchronization requires that we set
                 * modification order constraints. For instance, we can't allow
                 * a fixup sequence in which two separate read-acquire
                 * operations read from the same sequence, where the first one
                 * synchronizes and the other doesn't. Essentially, we can't
                 * allow any writes to insert themselves between 'release' and
                 * 'rf'
                 */

                /* Must synchronize */
                if (!acquire->synchronize_with(release)) {
                        set_bad_synchronization();
                        return;
                }
                /* Re-check all pending release sequences */
                work_queue->push_back(CheckRelSeqWorkEntry(NULL));
                /* Re-check act for mo_graph edges */
                work_queue->push_back(MOEdgeWorkEntry(acquire));

                /* propagate synchronization to later actions */
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = action_trace->rbegin();
                for (; (*rit) != acquire; rit++) {
                        ModelAction *propagate = *rit;
                        if (acquire->happens_before(propagate)) {
                                propagate->synchronize_with(acquire);
                                /* Re-check 'propagate' for mo_graph edges */
                                work_queue->push_back(MOEdgeWorkEntry(propagate));
                        }
                }
        } else {
                /* Break release sequence with new edges:
                 *   release --mo--> write --mo--> rf */
                mo_graph->addEdge(release, write);
                mo_graph->addEdge(write, rf);
        }

        /* See if we have realized a data race */
        checkDataRaces();
}

/**
 * Initialize the current action by performing one or more of the following
 * actions, as appropriate: merging RMWR and RMWC/RMW actions, stepping forward
 * in the NodeStack, manipulating backtracking sets, allocating and
 * initializing clock vectors, and computing the promises to fulfill.
 *
 * @param curr The current action, as passed from the user context; may be
 * freed/invalidated after the execution of this function, with a different
 * action "returned" its place (pass-by-reference)
 * @return True if curr is a newly-explored action; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::initialize_curr_action(ModelAction **curr)
{
        ModelAction *newcurr;

        if ((*curr)->is_rmwc() || (*curr)->is_rmw()) {
                newcurr = process_rmw(*curr);
                delete *curr;

                if (newcurr->is_rmw())
                        compute_promises(newcurr);

                *curr = newcurr;
                return false;
        }

        (*curr)->set_seq_number(get_next_seq_num());

        newcurr = node_stack->explore_action(*curr, scheduler->get_enabled_array());
        if (newcurr) {
                /* First restore type and order in case of RMW operation */
                if ((*curr)->is_rmwr())
                        newcurr->copy_typeandorder(*curr);

                ASSERT((*curr)->get_location() == newcurr->get_location());
                newcurr->copy_from_new(*curr);

                /* Discard duplicate ModelAction; use action from NodeStack */
                delete *curr;

                /* Always compute new clock vector */
                newcurr->create_cv(get_parent_action(newcurr->get_tid()));

                *curr = newcurr;
                return false; /* Action was explored previously */
        } else {
                newcurr = *curr;

                /* Always compute new clock vector */
                newcurr->create_cv(get_parent_action(newcurr->get_tid()));

                /* Assign most recent release fence */
                newcurr->set_last_fence_release(get_last_fence_release(newcurr->get_tid()));

                /*
                 * Perform one-time actions when pushing new ModelAction onto
                 * NodeStack
                 */
                if (newcurr->is_write())
                        compute_promises(newcurr);
                else if (newcurr->is_relseq_fixup())
                        compute_relseq_breakwrites(newcurr);
                else if (newcurr->is_wait())
                        newcurr->get_node()->set_misc_max(2);
                else if (newcurr->is_notify_one()) {
                        newcurr->get_node()->set_misc_max(get_safe_ptr_action(condvar_waiters_map, newcurr->get_location())->size());
                }
                return true; /* This was a new ModelAction */
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Establish reads-from relation between two actions
 *
 * Perform basic operations involved with establishing a concrete rf relation,
 * including setting the ModelAction data and checking for release sequences.
 *
 * @param act The action that is reading (must be a read)
 * @param rf The action from which we are reading (must be a write)
 *
 * @return True if this read established synchronization
 */
bool ModelChecker::read_from(ModelAction *act, const ModelAction *rf)
{
        ASSERT(rf);
        act->set_read_from(rf);
        if (act->is_acquire()) {
                rel_heads_list_t release_heads;
                get_release_seq_heads(act, act, &release_heads);
                int num_heads = release_heads.size();
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < release_heads.size(); i++)
                        if (!act->synchronize_with(release_heads[i])) {
                                set_bad_synchronization();
                                num_heads--;
                        }
                return num_heads > 0;
        }
        return false;
}

/**
 * Check promises and eliminate potentially-satisfying threads when a thread is
 * blocked (e.g., join, lock). A thread which is waiting on another thread can
 * no longer satisfy a promise generated from that thread.
 *
 * @param blocker The thread on which a thread is waiting
 * @param waiting The waiting thread
 */
void ModelChecker::thread_blocking_check_promises(Thread *blocker, Thread *waiting)
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                if (!promise->thread_is_available(waiting->get_id()))
                        continue;
                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < promise->get_num_readers(); j++) {
                        ModelAction *reader = promise->get_reader(j);
                        if (reader->get_tid() != blocker->get_id())
                                continue;
                        if (promise->eliminate_thread(waiting->get_id())) {
                                /* Promise has failed */
                                priv->failed_promise = true;
                        } else {
                                /* Only eliminate the 'waiting' thread once */
                                return;
                        }
                }
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Check whether a model action is enabled.
 *
 * Checks whether a lock or join operation would be successful (i.e., is the
 * lock already locked, or is the joined thread already complete). If not, put
 * the action in a waiter list.
 *
 * @param curr is the ModelAction to check whether it is enabled.
 * @return a bool that indicates whether the action is enabled.
 */
bool ModelChecker::check_action_enabled(ModelAction *curr) {
        if (curr->is_lock()) {
                std::mutex *lock = (std::mutex *)curr->get_location();
                struct std::mutex_state *state = lock->get_state();
                if (state->islocked) {
                        //Stick the action in the appropriate waiting queue
                        get_safe_ptr_action(lock_waiters_map, curr->get_location())->push_back(curr);
                        return false;
                }
        } else if (curr->get_type() == THREAD_JOIN) {
                Thread *blocking = (Thread *)curr->get_location();
                if (!blocking->is_complete()) {
                        blocking->push_wait_list(curr);
                        thread_blocking_check_promises(blocking, get_thread(curr));
                        return false;
                }
        }

        return true;
}

/**
 * This is the heart of the model checker routine. It performs model-checking
 * actions corresponding to a given "current action." Among other processes, it
 * calculates reads-from relationships, updates synchronization clock vectors,
 * forms a memory_order constraints graph, and handles replay/backtrack
 * execution when running permutations of previously-observed executions.
 *
 * @param curr The current action to process
 * @return The ModelAction that is actually executed; may be different than
 * curr; may be NULL, if the current action is not enabled to run
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::check_current_action(ModelAction *curr)
{
        ASSERT(curr);
        bool second_part_of_rmw = curr->is_rmwc() || curr->is_rmw();

        if (!check_action_enabled(curr)) {
                /* Make the execution look like we chose to run this action
                 * much later, when a lock/join can succeed */
                get_thread(curr)->set_pending(curr);
                scheduler->sleep(get_thread(curr));
                return NULL;
        }

        bool newly_explored = initialize_curr_action(&curr);

        DBG();
        if (DBG_ENABLED())
                curr->print();

        wake_up_sleeping_actions(curr);

        /* Add the action to lists before any other model-checking tasks */
        if (!second_part_of_rmw)
                add_action_to_lists(curr);

        /* Build may_read_from set for newly-created actions */
        if (newly_explored && curr->is_read())
                build_may_read_from(curr);

        /* Initialize work_queue with the "current action" work */
        work_queue_t work_queue(1, CheckCurrWorkEntry(curr));
        while (!work_queue.empty() && !has_asserted()) {
                WorkQueueEntry work = work_queue.front();
                work_queue.pop_front();

                switch (work.type) {
                case WORK_CHECK_CURR_ACTION: {
                        ModelAction *act = work.action;
                        bool update = false; /* update this location's release seq's */
                        bool update_all = false; /* update all release seq's */

                        if (process_thread_action(curr))
                                update_all = true;

                        if (act->is_read() && !second_part_of_rmw && process_read(act))
                                update = true;

                        if (act->is_write() && process_write(act))
                                update = true;

                        if (act->is_fence() && process_fence(act))
                                update_all = true;

                        if (act->is_mutex_op() && process_mutex(act))
                                update_all = true;

                        if (act->is_relseq_fixup())
                                process_relseq_fixup(curr, &work_queue);

                        if (update_all)
                                work_queue.push_back(CheckRelSeqWorkEntry(NULL));
                        else if (update)
                                work_queue.push_back(CheckRelSeqWorkEntry(act->get_location()));
                        break;
                }
                case WORK_CHECK_RELEASE_SEQ:
                        resolve_release_sequences(work.location, &work_queue);
                        break;
                case WORK_CHECK_MO_EDGES: {
                        /** @todo Complete verification of work_queue */
                        ModelAction *act = work.action;
                        bool updated = false;

                        if (act->is_read()) {
                                const ModelAction *rf = act->get_reads_from();
                                const Promise *promise = act->get_reads_from_promise();
                                if (rf) {
                                        if (r_modification_order(act, rf))
                                                updated = true;
                                } else if (promise) {
                                        if (r_modification_order(act, promise))
                                                updated = true;
                                }
                        }
                        if (act->is_write()) {
                                if (w_modification_order(act, NULL))
                                        updated = true;
                        }
                        mo_graph->commitChanges();

                        if (updated)
                                work_queue.push_back(CheckRelSeqWorkEntry(act->get_location()));
                        break;
                }
                default:
                        ASSERT(false);
                        break;
                }
        }

        check_curr_backtracking(curr);
        set_backtracking(curr);
        return curr;
}

void ModelChecker::check_curr_backtracking(ModelAction *curr)
{
        Node *currnode = curr->get_node();
        Node *parnode = currnode->get_parent();

        if ((parnode && !parnode->backtrack_empty()) ||
                         !currnode->misc_empty() ||
                         !currnode->read_from_empty() ||
                         !currnode->promise_empty() ||
                         !currnode->relseq_break_empty()) {
                set_latest_backtrack(curr);
        }
}

bool ModelChecker::promises_expired() const
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                if (promise->get_expiration() < priv->used_sequence_numbers)
                        return true;
        }
        return false;
}

/**
 * This is the strongest feasibility check available.
 * @return whether the current trace (partial or complete) must be a prefix of
 * a feasible trace.
 */
bool ModelChecker::isfeasibleprefix() const
{
        return pending_rel_seqs->size() == 0 && is_feasible_prefix_ignore_relseq();
}

/**
 * Print disagnostic information about an infeasible execution
 * @param prefix A string to prefix the output with; if NULL, then a default
 * message prefix will be provided
 */
void ModelChecker::print_infeasibility(const char *prefix) const
{
        char buf[100];
        char *ptr = buf;
        if (mo_graph->checkForCycles())
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[mo cycle]");
        if (priv->failed_promise)
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[failed promise]");
        if (priv->too_many_reads)
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[too many reads]");
        if (priv->no_valid_reads)
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[no valid reads-from]");
        if (priv->bad_synchronization)
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[bad sw ordering]");
        if (promises_expired())
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[promise expired]");
        if (promises->size() != 0)
                ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[unresolved promise]");
        if (ptr != buf)
                model_print("%s: %s\n", prefix ? prefix : "Infeasible", buf);
}

/**
 * Returns whether the current completed trace is feasible, except for pending
 * release sequences.
 */
bool ModelChecker::is_feasible_prefix_ignore_relseq() const
{
        return !is_infeasible() && promises->size() == 0;
}

/**
 * Check if the current partial trace is infeasible. Does not check any
 * end-of-execution flags, which might rule out the execution. Thus, this is
 * useful only for ruling an execution as infeasible.
 * @return whether the current partial trace is infeasible.
 */
bool ModelChecker::is_infeasible() const
{
        return mo_graph->checkForCycles() ||
                priv->no_valid_reads ||
                priv->failed_promise ||
                priv->too_many_reads ||
                priv->bad_synchronization ||
                promises_expired();
}

/** Close out a RMWR by converting previous RMWR into a RMW or READ. */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::process_rmw(ModelAction *act) {
        ModelAction *lastread = get_last_action(act->get_tid());
        lastread->process_rmw(act);
        if (act->is_rmw()) {
                if (lastread->get_reads_from())
                        mo_graph->addRMWEdge(lastread->get_reads_from(), lastread);
                else
                        mo_graph->addRMWEdge(lastread->get_reads_from_promise(), lastread);
                mo_graph->commitChanges();
        }
        return lastread;
}

/**
 * Checks whether a thread has read from the same write for too many times
 * without seeing the effects of a later write.
 *
 * Basic idea:
 * 1) there must a different write that we could read from that would satisfy the modification order,
 * 2) we must have read from the same value in excess of maxreads times, and
 * 3) that other write must have been in the reads_from set for maxreads times.
 *
 * If so, we decide that the execution is no longer feasible.
 */
void ModelChecker::check_recency(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *rf)
{
        if (!params.maxreads)
                return;

        //NOTE: Next check is just optimization, not really necessary....
        if (curr->get_node()->get_read_from_past_size() <= 1)
                return;
        /* Must make sure that execution is currently feasible...  We could
         * accidentally clear by rolling back */
        if (is_infeasible())
                return;

        std::vector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, curr->get_location());
        int tid = id_to_int(curr->get_tid());
        ASSERT(tid < (int)thrd_lists->size());
        action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[tid];
        action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = list->rbegin();
        ASSERT((*rit) == curr);
        /* Skip past curr */
        rit++;

        action_list_t::reverse_iterator ritcopy = rit;
        /* See if we have enough reads from the same value */
        for (int count = 0; count < params.maxreads; ritcopy++, count++) {
                if (ritcopy == list->rend())
                        return;
                ModelAction *act = *ritcopy;
                if (!act->is_read())
                        return;
                if (act->get_reads_from() != rf)
                        return;
                if (act->get_node()->get_read_from_past_size() <= 1)
                        return;
        }
        for (int i = 0; i < curr->get_node()->get_read_from_past_size(); i++) {
                /* Get write */
                const ModelAction *write = curr->get_node()->get_read_from_past(i);

                /* Need a different write */
                if (write == rf)
                        continue;

                //NOTE: SHOULD MAKE SURE write is MOd after rf

                /* Test to see whether this is a feasible write to read from */
                /** NOTE: all members of read-from set should be
                 *  feasible, so we no longer check it here **/

                ritcopy = rit;

                bool feasiblewrite = true;
                /* now we need to see if this write works for everyone */
                for (int loop = params.maxreads; loop > 0; loop--, ritcopy++) {
                        ModelAction *act = *ritcopy;
                        if (!act->may_read_from(write)) {
                                feasiblewrite = false;
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (feasiblewrite) {
                        priv->too_many_reads = true;
                        return;
                }
        }
}

/**
 * Updates the mo_graph with the constraints imposed from the current
 * read.
 *
 * Basic idea is the following: Go through each other thread and find
 * the last action that happened before our read.  Two cases:
 *
 * (1) The action is a write => that write must either occur before
 * the write we read from or be the write we read from.
 *
 * (2) The action is a read => the write that that action read from
 * must occur before the write we read from or be the same write.
 *
 * @param curr The current action. Must be a read.
 * @param rf The ModelAction or Promise that curr reads from. Must be a write.
 * @return True if modification order edges were added; false otherwise
 */
template <typename rf_type>
bool ModelChecker::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const rf_type *rf)
{
        std::vector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, curr->get_location());
        unsigned int i;
        bool added = false;
        ASSERT(curr->is_read());

        /* Last SC fence in the current thread */
        ModelAction *last_sc_fence_local = get_last_seq_cst_fence(curr->get_tid(), NULL);

        /* Iterate over all threads */
        for (i = 0; i < thrd_lists->size(); i++) {
                /* Last SC fence in thread i */
                ModelAction *last_sc_fence_thread_local = NULL;
                if (int_to_id((int)i) != curr->get_tid())
                        last_sc_fence_thread_local = get_last_seq_cst_fence(int_to_id(i), NULL);

                /* Last SC fence in thread i, before last SC fence in current thread */
                ModelAction *last_sc_fence_thread_before = NULL;
                if (last_sc_fence_local)
                        last_sc_fence_thread_before = get_last_seq_cst_fence(int_to_id(i), last_sc_fence_local);

                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *act = *rit;

                        if (act->is_write() && !act->equals(rf) && act != curr) {
                                /* C++, Section 29.3 statement 5 */
                                if (curr->is_seqcst() && last_sc_fence_thread_local &&
                                                *act < *last_sc_fence_thread_local) {
                                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(act, rf) || added;
                                        break;
                                }
                                /* C++, Section 29.3 statement 4 */
                                else if (act->is_seqcst() && last_sc_fence_local &&
                                                *act < *last_sc_fence_local) {
                                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(act, rf) || added;
                                        break;
                                }
                                /* C++, Section 29.3 statement 6 */
                                else if (last_sc_fence_thread_before &&
                                                *act < *last_sc_fence_thread_before) {
                                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(act, rf) || added;
                                        break;
                                }
                        }

                        /*
                         * Include at most one act per-thread that "happens
                         * before" curr. Don't consider reflexively.
                         */
                        if (act->happens_before(curr) && act != curr) {
                                if (act->is_write()) {
                                        if (!act->equals(rf)) {
                                                added = mo_graph->addEdge(act, rf) || added;
                                        }
                                } else {
                                        const ModelAction *prevrf = act->get_reads_from();
                                        const Promise *prevrf_promise = act->get_reads_from_promise();
                                        if (prevrf) {
                                                if (!prevrf->equals(rf))
                                                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(prevrf, rf) || added;
                                        } else if (!prevrf_promise->equals(rf)) {
                                                added = mo_graph->addEdge(prevrf_promise, rf) || added;
                                        }
                                }
                                break;
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * All compatible, thread-exclusive promises must be ordered after any
         * concrete loads from the same thread
         */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++)
                if ((*promises)[i]->is_compatible_exclusive(curr))
                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(rf, (*promises)[i]) || added;

        return added;
}

/**
 * Updates the mo_graph with the constraints imposed from the current write.
 *
 * Basic idea is the following: Go through each other thread and find
 * the lastest action that happened before our write.  Two cases:
 *
 * (1) The action is a write => that write must occur before
 * the current write
 *
 * (2) The action is a read => the write that that action read from
 * must occur before the current write.
 *
 * This method also handles two other issues:
 *
 * (I) Sequential Consistency: Making sure that if the current write is
 * seq_cst, that it occurs after the previous seq_cst write.
 *
 * (II) Sending the write back to non-synchronizing reads.
 *
 * @param curr The current action. Must be a write.
 * @param send_fv A vector for stashing reads to which we may pass our future
 * value. If NULL, then don't record any future values.
 * @return True if modification order edges were added; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::w_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, std::vector< ModelAction *, ModelAlloc<ModelAction *> > *send_fv)
{
        std::vector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, curr->get_location());
        unsigned int i;
        bool added = false;
        ASSERT(curr->is_write());

        if (curr->is_seqcst()) {
                /* We have to at least see the last sequentially consistent write,
                         so we are initialized. */
                ModelAction *last_seq_cst = get_last_seq_cst_write(curr);
                if (last_seq_cst != NULL) {
                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(last_seq_cst, curr) || added;
                }
        }

        /* Last SC fence in the current thread */
        ModelAction *last_sc_fence_local = get_last_seq_cst_fence(curr->get_tid(), NULL);

        /* Iterate over all threads */
        for (i = 0; i < thrd_lists->size(); i++) {
                /* Last SC fence in thread i, before last SC fence in current thread */
                ModelAction *last_sc_fence_thread_before = NULL;
                if (last_sc_fence_local && int_to_id((int)i) != curr->get_tid())
                        last_sc_fence_thread_before = get_last_seq_cst_fence(int_to_id(i), last_sc_fence_local);

                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *act = *rit;
                        if (act == curr) {
                                /*
                                 * 1) If RMW and it actually read from something, then we
                                 * already have all relevant edges, so just skip to next
                                 * thread.
                                 *
                                 * 2) If RMW and it didn't read from anything, we should
                                 * whatever edge we can get to speed up convergence.
                                 *
                                 * 3) If normal write, we need to look at earlier actions, so
                                 * continue processing list.
                                 */
                                if (curr->is_rmw()) {
                                        if (curr->get_reads_from() != NULL)
                                                break;
                                        else
                                                continue;
                                } else
                                        continue;
                        }

                        /* C++, Section 29.3 statement 7 */
                        if (last_sc_fence_thread_before && act->is_write() &&
                                        *act < *last_sc_fence_thread_before) {
                                added = mo_graph->addEdge(act, curr) || added;
                                break;
                        }

                        /*
                         * Include at most one act per-thread that "happens
                         * before" curr
                         */
                        if (act->happens_before(curr)) {
                                /*
                                 * Note: if act is RMW, just add edge:
                                 *   act --mo--> curr
                                 * The following edge should be handled elsewhere:
                                 *   readfrom(act) --mo--> act
                                 */
                                if (act->is_write())
                                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(act, curr) || added;
                                else if (act->is_read()) {
                                        //if previous read accessed a null, just keep going
                                        if (act->get_reads_from() == NULL)
                                                continue;
                                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(act->get_reads_from(), curr) || added;
                                }
                                break;
                        } else if (act->is_read() && !act->could_synchronize_with(curr) &&
                                                     !act->same_thread(curr)) {
                                /* We have an action that:
                                   (1) did not happen before us
                                   (2) is a read and we are a write
                                   (3) cannot synchronize with us
                                   (4) is in a different thread
                                   =>
                                   that read could potentially read from our write.  Note that
                                   these checks are overly conservative at this point, we'll
                                   do more checks before actually removing the
                                   pendingfuturevalue.

                                 */
                                if (send_fv && thin_air_constraint_may_allow(curr, act)) {
                                        if (!is_infeasible())
                                                send_fv->push_back(act);
                                        else if (curr->is_rmw() && act->is_rmw() && curr->get_reads_from() && curr->get_reads_from() == act->get_reads_from())
                                                add_future_value(curr, act);
                                }
                        }
                }
        }

        /*
         * All compatible, thread-exclusive promises must be ordered after any
         * concrete stores to the same thread, or else they can be merged with
         * this store later
         */
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++)
                if ((*promises)[i]->is_compatible_exclusive(curr))
                        added = mo_graph->addEdge(curr, (*promises)[i]) || added;

        return added;
}

/** Arbitrary reads from the future are not allowed.  Section 29.3
 * part 9 places some constraints.  This method checks one result of constraint
 * constraint.  Others require compiler support. */
bool ModelChecker::thin_air_constraint_may_allow(const ModelAction *writer, const ModelAction *reader)
{
        if (!writer->is_rmw())
                return true;

        if (!reader->is_rmw())
                return true;

        for (const ModelAction *search = writer->get_reads_from(); search != NULL; search = search->get_reads_from()) {
                if (search == reader)
                        return false;
                if (search->get_tid() == reader->get_tid() &&
                                search->happens_before(reader))
                        break;
        }

        return true;
}

/**
 * Arbitrary reads from the future are not allowed. Section 29.3 part 9 places
 * some constraints. This method checks one the following constraint (others
 * require compiler support):
 *
 *   If X --hb-> Y --mo-> Z, then X should not read from Z.
 */
bool ModelChecker::mo_may_allow(const ModelAction *writer, const ModelAction *reader)
{
        std::vector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, reader->get_location());
        unsigned int i;
        /* Iterate over all threads */
        for (i = 0; i < thrd_lists->size(); i++) {
                const ModelAction *write_after_read = NULL;

                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *act = *rit;

                        /* Don't disallow due to act == reader */
                        if (!reader->happens_before(act) || reader == act)
                                break;
                        else if (act->is_write())
                                write_after_read = act;
                        else if (act->is_read() && act->get_reads_from() != NULL)
                                write_after_read = act->get_reads_from();
                }

                if (write_after_read && write_after_read != writer && mo_graph->checkReachable(write_after_read, writer))
                        return false;
        }
        return true;
}

/**
 * Finds the head(s) of the release sequence(s) containing a given ModelAction.
 * The ModelAction under consideration is expected to be taking part in
 * release/acquire synchronization as an object of the "reads from" relation.
 * Note that this can only provide release sequence support for RMW chains
 * which do not read from the future, as those actions cannot be traced until
 * their "promise" is fulfilled. Similarly, we may not even establish the
 * presence of a release sequence with certainty, as some modification order
 * constraints may be decided further in the future. Thus, this function
 * "returns" two pieces of data: a pass-by-reference vector of @a release_heads
 * and a boolean representing certainty.
 *
 * @param rf The action that might be part of a release sequence. Must be a
 * write.
 * @param release_heads A pass-by-reference style return parameter. After
 * execution of this function, release_heads will contain the heads of all the
 * relevant release sequences, if any exists with certainty
 * @param pending A pass-by-reference style return parameter which is only used
 * when returning false (i.e., uncertain). Returns most information regarding
 * an uncertain release sequence, including any write operations that might
 * break the sequence.
 * @return true, if the ModelChecker is certain that release_heads is complete;
 * false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::release_seq_heads(const ModelAction *rf,
                rel_heads_list_t *release_heads,
                struct release_seq *pending) const
{
        /* Only check for release sequences if there are no cycles */
        if (mo_graph->checkForCycles())
                return false;

        for ( ; rf != NULL; rf = rf->get_reads_from()) {
                ASSERT(rf->is_write());

                if (rf->is_release())
                        release_heads->push_back(rf);
                else if (rf->get_last_fence_release())
                        release_heads->push_back(rf->get_last_fence_release());
                if (!rf->is_rmw())
                        break; /* End of RMW chain */

                /** @todo Need to be smarter here...  In the linux lock
                 * example, this will run to the beginning of the program for
                 * every acquire. */
                /** @todo The way to be smarter here is to keep going until 1
                 * thread has a release preceded by an acquire and you've seen
                 *       both. */

                /* acq_rel RMW is a sufficient stopping condition */
                if (rf->is_acquire() && rf->is_release())
                        return true; /* complete */
        };
        if (!rf) {
                /* read from future: need to settle this later */
                pending->rf = NULL;
                return false; /* incomplete */
        }

        if (rf->is_release())
                return true; /* complete */

        /* else relaxed write
         * - check for fence-release in the same thread (29.8, stmt. 3)
         * - check modification order for contiguous subsequence
         *   -> rf must be same thread as release */

        const ModelAction *fence_release = rf->get_last_fence_release();
        /* Synchronize with a fence-release unconditionally; we don't need to
         * find any more "contiguous subsequence..." for it */
        if (fence_release)
                release_heads->push_back(fence_release);

        int tid = id_to_int(rf->get_tid());
        std::vector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, rf->get_location());
        action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[tid];
        action_list_t::const_reverse_iterator rit;

        /* Find rf in the thread list */
        rit = std::find(list->rbegin(), list->rend(), rf);
        ASSERT(rit != list->rend());

        /* Find the last {write,fence}-release */
        for (; rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                if (fence_release && *(*rit) < *fence_release)
                        break;
                if ((*rit)->is_release())
                        break;
        }
        if (rit == list->rend()) {
                /* No write-release in this thread */
                return true; /* complete */
        } else if (fence_release && *(*rit) < *fence_release) {
                /* The fence-release is more recent (and so, "stronger") than
                 * the most recent write-release */
                return true; /* complete */
        } /* else, need to establish contiguous release sequence */
        ModelAction *release = *rit;

        ASSERT(rf->same_thread(release));

        pending->writes.clear();

        bool certain = true;
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < thrd_lists->size(); i++) {
                if (id_to_int(rf->get_tid()) == (int)i)
                        continue;
                list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];

                /* Can we ensure no future writes from this thread may break
                 * the release seq? */
                bool future_ordered = false;

                ModelAction *last = get_last_action(int_to_id(i));
                Thread *th = get_thread(int_to_id(i));
                if ((last && rf->happens_before(last)) ||
                                !is_enabled(th) ||
                                th->is_complete())
                        future_ordered = true;

                ASSERT(!th->is_model_thread() || future_ordered);

                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        const ModelAction *act = *rit;
                        /* Reach synchronization -> this thread is complete */
                        if (act->happens_before(release))
                                break;
                        if (rf->happens_before(act)) {
                                future_ordered = true;
                                continue;
                        }

                        /* Only non-RMW writes can break release sequences */
                        if (!act->is_write() || act->is_rmw())
                                continue;

                        /* Check modification order */
                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(rf, act)) {
                                /* rf --mo--> act */
                                future_ordered = true;
                                continue;
                        }
                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(act, release))
                                /* act --mo--> release */
                                break;
                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(release, act) &&
                                      mo_graph->checkReachable(act, rf)) {
                                /* release --mo-> act --mo--> rf */
                                return true; /* complete */
                        }
                        /* act may break release sequence */
                        pending->writes.push_back(act);
                        certain = false;
                }
                if (!future_ordered)
                        certain = false; /* This thread is uncertain */
        }

        if (certain) {
                release_heads->push_back(release);
                pending->writes.clear();
        } else {
                pending->release = release;
                pending->rf = rf;
        }
        return certain;
}

/**
 * An interface for getting the release sequence head(s) with which a
 * given ModelAction must synchronize. This function only returns a non-empty
 * result when it can locate a release sequence head with certainty. Otherwise,
 * it may mark the internal state of the ModelChecker so that it will handle
 * the release sequence at a later time, causing @a acquire to update its
 * synchronization at some later point in execution.
 *
 * @param acquire The 'acquire' action that may synchronize with a release
 * sequence
 * @param read The read action that may read from a release sequence; this may
 * be the same as acquire, or else an earlier action in the same thread (i.e.,
 * when 'acquire' is a fence-acquire)
 * @param release_heads A pass-by-reference return parameter. Will be filled
 * with the head(s) of the release sequence(s), if they exists with certainty.
 * @see ModelChecker::release_seq_heads
 */
void ModelChecker::get_release_seq_heads(ModelAction *acquire,
                ModelAction *read, rel_heads_list_t *release_heads)
{
        const ModelAction *rf = read->get_reads_from();
        struct release_seq *sequence = (struct release_seq *)snapshot_calloc(1, sizeof(struct release_seq));
        sequence->acquire = acquire;
        sequence->read = read;

        if (!release_seq_heads(rf, release_heads, sequence)) {
                /* add act to 'lazy checking' list */
                pending_rel_seqs->push_back(sequence);
        } else {
                snapshot_free(sequence);
        }
}

/**
 * Attempt to resolve all stashed operations that might synchronize with a
 * release sequence for a given location. This implements the "lazy" portion of
 * determining whether or not a release sequence was contiguous, since not all
 * modification order information is present at the time an action occurs.
 *
 * @param location The location/object that should be checked for release
 * sequence resolutions. A NULL value means to check all locations.
 * @param work_queue The work queue to which to add work items as they are
 * generated
 * @return True if any updates occurred (new synchronization, new mo_graph
 * edges)
 */
bool ModelChecker::resolve_release_sequences(void *location, work_queue_t *work_queue)
{
        bool updated = false;
        std::vector< struct release_seq *, SnapshotAlloc<struct release_seq *> >::iterator it = pending_rel_seqs->begin();
        while (it != pending_rel_seqs->end()) {
                struct release_seq *pending = *it;
                ModelAction *acquire = pending->acquire;
                const ModelAction *read = pending->read;

                /* Only resolve sequences on the given location, if provided */
                if (location && read->get_location() != location) {
                        it++;
                        continue;
                }

                const ModelAction *rf = read->get_reads_from();
                rel_heads_list_t release_heads;
                bool complete;
                complete = release_seq_heads(rf, &release_heads, pending);
                for (unsigned int i = 0; i < release_heads.size(); i++) {
                        if (!acquire->has_synchronized_with(release_heads[i])) {
                                if (acquire->synchronize_with(release_heads[i]))
                                        updated = true;
                                else
                                        set_bad_synchronization();
                        }
                }

                if (updated) {
                        /* Re-check all pending release sequences */
                        work_queue->push_back(CheckRelSeqWorkEntry(NULL));
                        /* Re-check read-acquire for mo_graph edges */
                        if (acquire->is_read())
                                work_queue->push_back(MOEdgeWorkEntry(acquire));

                        /* propagate synchronization to later actions */
                        action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = action_trace->rbegin();
                        for (; (*rit) != acquire; rit++) {
                                ModelAction *propagate = *rit;
                                if (acquire->happens_before(propagate)) {
                                        propagate->synchronize_with(acquire);
                                        /* Re-check 'propagate' for mo_graph edges */
                                        work_queue->push_back(MOEdgeWorkEntry(propagate));
                                }
                        }
                }
                if (complete) {
                        it = pending_rel_seqs->erase(it);
                        snapshot_free(pending);
                } else {
                        it++;
                }
        }

        // If we resolved promises or data races, see if we have realized a data race.
        checkDataRaces();

        return updated;
}

/**
 * Performs various bookkeeping operations for the current ModelAction. For
 * instance, adds action to the per-object, per-thread action vector and to the
 * action trace list of all thread actions.
 *
 * @param act is the ModelAction to add.
 */
void ModelChecker::add_action_to_lists(ModelAction *act)
{
        int tid = id_to_int(act->get_tid());
        ModelAction *uninit = NULL;
        int uninit_id = -1;
        action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, act->get_location());
        if (list->empty() && act->is_atomic_var()) {
                uninit = new_uninitialized_action(act->get_location());
                uninit_id = id_to_int(uninit->get_tid());
                list->push_back(uninit);
        }
        list->push_back(act);

        action_trace->push_back(act);
        if (uninit)
                action_trace->push_front(uninit);

        std::vector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, act->get_location());
        if (tid >= (int)vec->size())
                vec->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
        (*vec)[tid].push_back(act);
        if (uninit)
                (*vec)[uninit_id].push_front(uninit);

        if ((int)thrd_last_action->size() <= tid)
                thrd_last_action->resize(get_num_threads());
        (*thrd_last_action)[tid] = act;
        if (uninit)
                (*thrd_last_action)[uninit_id] = uninit;

        if (act->is_fence() && act->is_release()) {
                if ((int)thrd_last_fence_release->size() <= tid)
                        thrd_last_fence_release->resize(get_num_threads());
                (*thrd_last_fence_release)[tid] = act;
        }

        if (act->is_wait()) {
                void *mutex_loc = (void *) act->get_value();
                get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, mutex_loc)->push_back(act);

                std::vector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, mutex_loc);
                if (tid >= (int)vec->size())
                        vec->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
                (*vec)[tid].push_back(act);
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Get the last action performed by a particular Thread
 * @param tid The thread ID of the Thread in question
 * @return The last action in the thread
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_action(thread_id_t tid) const
{
        int threadid = id_to_int(tid);
        if (threadid < (int)thrd_last_action->size())
                return (*thrd_last_action)[id_to_int(tid)];
        else
                return NULL;
}

/**
 * @brief Get the last fence release performed by a particular Thread
 * @param tid The thread ID of the Thread in question
 * @return The last fence release in the thread, if one exists; NULL otherwise
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_fence_release(thread_id_t tid) const
{
        int threadid = id_to_int(tid);
        if (threadid < (int)thrd_last_fence_release->size())
                return (*thrd_last_fence_release)[id_to_int(tid)];
        else
                return NULL;
}

/**
 * Gets the last memory_order_seq_cst write (in the total global sequence)
 * performed on a particular object (i.e., memory location), not including the
 * current action.
 * @param curr The current ModelAction; also denotes the object location to
 * check
 * @return The last seq_cst write
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_seq_cst_write(ModelAction *curr) const
{
        void *location = curr->get_location();
        action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, location);
        /* Find: max({i in dom(S) | seq_cst(t_i) && isWrite(t_i) && samevar(t_i, t)}) */
        action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
        for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++)
                if ((*rit)->is_write() && (*rit)->is_seqcst() && (*rit) != curr)
                        return *rit;
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * Gets the last memory_order_seq_cst fence (in the total global sequence)
 * performed in a particular thread, prior to a particular fence.
 * @param tid The ID of the thread to check
 * @param before_fence The fence from which to begin the search; if NULL, then
 * search for the most recent fence in the thread.
 * @return The last prior seq_cst fence in the thread, if exists; otherwise, NULL
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_seq_cst_fence(thread_id_t tid, const ModelAction *before_fence) const
{
        /* All fences should have NULL location */
        action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, NULL);
        action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = list->rbegin();

        if (before_fence) {
                for (; rit != list->rend(); rit++)
                        if (*rit == before_fence)
                                break;

                ASSERT(*rit == before_fence);
                rit++;
        }

        for (; rit != list->rend(); rit++)
                if ((*rit)->is_fence() && (tid == (*rit)->get_tid()) && (*rit)->is_seqcst())
                        return *rit;
        return NULL;
}

/**
 * Gets the last unlock operation performed on a particular mutex (i.e., memory
 * location). This function identifies the mutex according to the current
 * action, which is presumed to perform on the same mutex.
 * @param curr The current ModelAction; also denotes the object location to
 * check
 * @return The last unlock operation
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_last_unlock(ModelAction *curr) const
{
        void *location = curr->get_location();
        action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(obj_map, location);
        /* Find: max({i in dom(S) | isUnlock(t_i) && samevar(t_i, t)}) */
        action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
        for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++)
                if ((*rit)->is_unlock() || (*rit)->is_wait())
                        return *rit;
        return NULL;
}

ModelAction * ModelChecker::get_parent_action(thread_id_t tid) const
{
        ModelAction *parent = get_last_action(tid);
        if (!parent)
                parent = get_thread(tid)->get_creation();
        return parent;
}

/**
 * Returns the clock vector for a given thread.
 * @param tid The thread whose clock vector we want
 * @return Desired clock vector
 */
ClockVector * ModelChecker::get_cv(thread_id_t tid) const
{
        return get_parent_action(tid)->get_cv();
}

/**
 * @brief Find the promise, if any to resolve for the current action
 * @param curr The current ModelAction. Should be a write.
 * @return The (non-negative) index for the Promise to resolve, if any;
 * otherwise -1
 */
int ModelChecker::get_promise_to_resolve(const ModelAction *curr) const
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++)
                if (curr->get_node()->get_promise(i))
                        return i;
        return -1;
}

/**
 * Resolve a Promise with a current write.
 * @param write The ModelAction that is fulfilling Promises
 * @param promise_idx The index corresponding to the promise
 * @return True if the Promise was successfully resolved; false otherwise
 */
bool ModelChecker::resolve_promise(ModelAction *write, unsigned int promise_idx)
{
        std::vector< ModelAction *, ModelAlloc<ModelAction *> > actions_to_check;
        promise_list_t mustResolve;
        Promise *promise = (*promises)[promise_idx];

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promise->get_num_readers(); i++) {
                ModelAction *read = promise->get_reader(i);
                read_from(read, write);
                actions_to_check.push_back(read);
        }
        /* Make sure the promise's value matches the write's value */
        ASSERT(promise->is_compatible(write) && promise->same_value(write));
        mo_graph->resolvePromise(promise, write, &mustResolve);

        promises->erase(promises->begin() + promise_idx);

        /** @todo simplify the 'mustResolve' stuff */
        ASSERT(mustResolve.size() <= 1);

        if (!mustResolve.empty() && mustResolve[0] != promise)
                priv->failed_promise = true;
        delete promise;

        //Check whether reading these writes has made threads unable to
        //resolve promises

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < actions_to_check.size(); i++) {
                ModelAction *read = actions_to_check[i];
                mo_check_promises(read, true);
        }

        return true;
}

/**
 * Compute the set of promises that could potentially be satisfied by this
 * action. Note that the set computation actually appears in the Node, not in
 * ModelChecker.
 * @param curr The ModelAction that may satisfy promises
 */
void ModelChecker::compute_promises(ModelAction *curr)
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                if (!promise->is_compatible(curr) || !promise->same_value(curr))
                        continue;

                bool satisfy = true;
                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < promise->get_num_readers(); j++) {
                        const ModelAction *act = promise->get_reader(j);
                        if (act->happens_before(curr) ||
                                        act->could_synchronize_with(curr)) {
                                satisfy = false;
                                break;
                        }
                }
                if (satisfy)
                        curr->get_node()->set_promise(i);
        }
}

/** Checks promises in response to change in ClockVector Threads. */
void ModelChecker::check_promises(thread_id_t tid, ClockVector *old_cv, ClockVector *merge_cv)
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                if (!promise->thread_is_available(tid))
                        continue;
                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < promise->get_num_readers(); j++) {
                        const ModelAction *act = promise->get_reader(j);
                        if ((!old_cv || !old_cv->synchronized_since(act)) &&
                                        merge_cv->synchronized_since(act)) {
                                if (promise->eliminate_thread(tid)) {
                                        /* Promise has failed */
                                        priv->failed_promise = true;
                                        return;
                                }
                        }
                }
        }
}

void ModelChecker::check_promises_thread_disabled()
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                if (promise->has_failed()) {
                        priv->failed_promise = true;
                        return;
                }
        }
}

/**
 * @brief Checks promises in response to addition to modification order for
 * threads.
 *
 * We test whether threads are still available for satisfying promises after an
 * addition to our modification order constraints. Those that are unavailable
 * are "eliminated". Once all threads are eliminated from satisfying a promise,
 * that promise has failed.
 *
 * @param act The ModelAction which updated the modification order
 * @param is_read_check Should be true if act is a read and we must check for
 * updates to the store from which it read (there is a distinction here for
 * RMW's, which are both a load and a store)
 */
void ModelChecker::mo_check_promises(const ModelAction *act, bool is_read_check)
{
        const ModelAction *write = is_read_check ? act->get_reads_from() : act;

        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];

                // Is this promise on the same location?
                if (!promise->same_location(write))
                        continue;

                for (unsigned int j = 0; j < promise->get_num_readers(); j++) {
                        const ModelAction *pread = promise->get_reader(j);
                        if (!pread->happens_before(act))
                               continue;
                        if (mo_graph->checkPromise(write, promise)) {
                                priv->failed_promise = true;
                                return;
                        }
                        break;
                }

                // Don't do any lookups twice for the same thread
                if (!promise->thread_is_available(act->get_tid()))
                        continue;

                if (mo_graph->checkReachable(promise, write)) {
                        if (mo_graph->checkPromise(write, promise)) {
                                priv->failed_promise = true;
                                return;
                        }
                }
        }
}

/**
 * Compute the set of writes that may break the current pending release
 * sequence. This information is extracted from previou release sequence
 * calculations.
 *
 * @param curr The current ModelAction. Must be a release sequence fixup
 * action.
 */
void ModelChecker::compute_relseq_breakwrites(ModelAction *curr)
{
        if (pending_rel_seqs->empty())
                return;

        struct release_seq *pending = pending_rel_seqs->back();
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < pending->writes.size(); i++) {
                const ModelAction *write = pending->writes[i];
                curr->get_node()->add_relseq_break(write);
        }

        /* NULL means don't break the sequence; just synchronize */
        curr->get_node()->add_relseq_break(NULL);
}

/**
 * Build up an initial set of all past writes that this 'read' action may read
 * from, as well as any previously-observed future values that must still be valid.
 *
 * @param curr is the current ModelAction that we are exploring; it must be a
 * 'read' operation.
 */
void ModelChecker::build_may_read_from(ModelAction *curr)
{
        std::vector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(obj_thrd_map, curr->get_location());
        unsigned int i;
        ASSERT(curr->is_read());

        ModelAction *last_sc_write = NULL;

        if (curr->is_seqcst())
                last_sc_write = get_last_seq_cst_write(curr);

        /* Iterate over all threads */
        for (i = 0; i < thrd_lists->size(); i++) {
                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
                action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
                for (rit = list->rbegin(); rit != list->rend(); rit++) {
                        ModelAction *act = *rit;

                        /* Only consider 'write' actions */
                        if (!act->is_write() || act == curr)
                                continue;

                        /* Don't consider more than one seq_cst write if we are a seq_cst read. */
                        bool allow_read = true;

                        if (curr->is_seqcst() && (act->is_seqcst() || (last_sc_write != NULL && act->happens_before(last_sc_write))) && act != last_sc_write)
                                allow_read = false;
                        else if (curr->get_sleep_flag() && !curr->is_seqcst() && !sleep_can_read_from(curr, act))
                                allow_read = false;

                        if (allow_read) {
                                /* Only add feasible reads */
                                mo_graph->startChanges();
                                r_modification_order(curr, act);
                                if (!is_infeasible())
                                        curr->get_node()->add_read_from_past(act);
                                mo_graph->rollbackChanges();
                        }

                        /* Include at most one act per-thread that "happens before" curr */
                        if (act->happens_before(curr))
                                break;
                }
        }

        /* Inherit existing, promised future values */
        for (i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++) {
                const Promise *promise = (*promises)[i];
                const ModelAction *promise_read = promise->get_reader(0);
                if (promise_read->same_var(curr)) {
                        /* Only add feasible future-values */
                        mo_graph->startChanges();
                        r_modification_order(curr, promise);
                        if (!is_infeasible())
                                curr->get_node()->add_read_from_promise(promise_read);
                        mo_graph->rollbackChanges();
                }
        }

        /* We may find no valid may-read-from only if the execution is doomed */
        if (!curr->get_node()->read_from_size()) {
                priv->no_valid_reads = true;
                set_assert();
        }

        if (DBG_ENABLED()) {
                model_print("Reached read action:\n");
                curr->print();
                model_print("Printing read_from_past\n");
                curr->get_node()->print_read_from_past();
                model_print("End printing read_from_past\n");
        }
}

bool ModelChecker::sleep_can_read_from(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *write)
{
        for ( ; write != NULL; write = write->get_reads_from()) {
                /* UNINIT actions don't have a Node, and they never sleep */
                if (write->is_uninitialized())
                        return true;
                Node *prevnode = write->get_node()->get_parent();

                bool thread_sleep = prevnode->enabled_status(curr->get_tid()) == THREAD_SLEEP_SET;
                if (write->is_release() && thread_sleep)
                        return true;
                if (!write->is_rmw())
                        return false;
        }
        return true;
}

/**
 * @brief Create a new action representing an uninitialized atomic
 * @param location The memory location of the atomic object
 * @return A pointer to a new ModelAction
 */
ModelAction * ModelChecker::new_uninitialized_action(void *location) const
{
        ModelAction *act = (ModelAction *)snapshot_malloc(sizeof(class ModelAction));
        act = new (act) ModelAction(ATOMIC_UNINIT, std::memory_order_relaxed, location, 0, model_thread);
        act->create_cv(NULL);
        return act;
}

static void print_list(action_list_t *list)
{
        action_list_t::iterator it;

        model_print("---------------------------------------------------------------------\n");

        unsigned int hash = 0;

        for (it = list->begin(); it != list->end(); it++) {
                (*it)->print();
                hash = hash^(hash<<3)^((*it)->hash());
        }
        model_print("HASH %u\n", hash);
        model_print("---------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
}

#if SUPPORT_MOD_ORDER_DUMP
void ModelChecker::dumpGraph(char *filename) const
{
        char buffer[200];
        sprintf(buffer, "%s.dot", filename);
        FILE *file = fopen(buffer, "w");
        fprintf(file, "digraph %s {\n", filename);
        mo_graph->dumpNodes(file);
        ModelAction **thread_array = (ModelAction **)model_calloc(1, sizeof(ModelAction *) * get_num_threads());

        for (action_list_t::iterator it = action_trace->begin(); it != action_trace->end(); it++) {
                ModelAction *act = *it;
                if (act->is_read()) {
                        mo_graph->dot_print_node(file, act);
                        if (act->get_reads_from())
                                mo_graph->dot_print_edge(file,
                                                act->get_reads_from(),
                                                act,
                                                "label=\"rf\", color=red, weight=2");
                        else
                                mo_graph->dot_print_edge(file,
                                                act->get_reads_from_promise(),
                                                act,
                                                "label=\"rf\", color=red");
                }
                if (thread_array[act->get_tid()]) {
                        mo_graph->dot_print_edge(file,
                                        thread_array[id_to_int(act->get_tid())],
                                        act,
                                        "label=\"sb\", color=blue, weight=400");
                }

                thread_array[act->get_tid()] = act;
        }
        fprintf(file, "}\n");
        model_free(thread_array);
        fclose(file);
}
#endif

/** @brief Prints an execution trace summary. */
void ModelChecker::print_summary() const
{
#if SUPPORT_MOD_ORDER_DUMP
        char buffername[100];
        sprintf(buffername, "exec%04u", stats.num_total);
        mo_graph->dumpGraphToFile(buffername);
        sprintf(buffername, "graph%04u", stats.num_total);
        dumpGraph(buffername);
#endif

        model_print("Execution %d:", stats.num_total);
        if (isfeasibleprefix()) {
                if (scheduler->all_threads_sleeping())
                        model_print(" SLEEP-SET REDUNDANT");
                model_print("\n");
        } else
                print_infeasibility(" INFEASIBLE");
        print_list(action_trace);
        model_print("\n");
}

/**
 * Add a Thread to the system for the first time. Should only be called once
 * per thread.
 * @param t The Thread to add
 */
void ModelChecker::add_thread(Thread *t)
{
        thread_map->put(id_to_int(t->get_id()), t);
        scheduler->add_thread(t);
}

/**
 * Removes a thread from the scheduler.
 * @param the thread to remove.
 */
void ModelChecker::remove_thread(Thread *t)
{
        scheduler->remove_thread(t);
}

/**
 * @brief Get a Thread reference by its ID
 * @param tid The Thread's ID
 * @return A Thread reference
 */
Thread * ModelChecker::get_thread(thread_id_t tid) const
{
        return thread_map->get(id_to_int(tid));
}

/**
 * @brief Get a reference to the Thread in which a ModelAction was executed
 * @param act The ModelAction
 * @return A Thread reference
 */
Thread * ModelChecker::get_thread(const ModelAction *act) const
{
        return get_thread(act->get_tid());
}

/**
 * @brief Get a Promise's "promise number"
 *
 * A "promise number" is an index number that is unique to a promise, valid
 * only for a specific snapshot of an execution trace. Promises may come and go
 * as they are generated an resolved, so an index only retains meaning for the
 * current snapshot.
 *
 * @param promise The Promise to check
 * @return The promise index, if the promise still is valid; otherwise -1
 */
int ModelChecker::get_promise_number(const Promise *promise) const
{
        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < promises->size(); i++)
                if ((*promises)[i] == promise)
                        return i;
        /* Not found */
        return -1;
}

/**
 * @brief Check if a Thread is currently enabled
 * @param t The Thread to check
 * @return True if the Thread is currently enabled
 */
bool ModelChecker::is_enabled(Thread *t) const
{
        return scheduler->is_enabled(t);
}

/**
 * @brief Check if a Thread is currently enabled
 * @param tid The ID of the Thread to check
 * @return True if the Thread is currently enabled
 */
bool ModelChecker::is_enabled(thread_id_t tid) const
{
        return scheduler->is_enabled(tid);
}

/**
 * Switch from a model-checker context to a user-thread context. This is the
 * complement of ModelChecker::switch_to_master and must be called from the
 * model-checker context
 *
 * @param thread The user-thread to switch to
 */
void ModelChecker::switch_from_master(Thread *thread)
{
        scheduler->set_current_thread(thread);
        Thread::swap(&system_context, thread);
}

/**
 * Switch from a user-context to the "master thread" context (a.k.a. system
 * context). This switch is made with the intention of exploring a particular
 * model-checking action (described by a ModelAction object). Must be called
 * from a user-thread context.
 *
 * @param act The current action that will be explored. May be NULL only if
 * trace is exiting via an assertion (see ModelChecker::set_assert and
 * ModelChecker::has_asserted).
 * @return Return the value returned by the current action
 */
uint64_t ModelChecker::switch_to_master(ModelAction *act)
{
        DBG();
        Thread *old = thread_current();
        ASSERT(!old->get_pending());
        old->set_pending(act);
        if (Thread::swap(old, &system_context) < 0) {
                perror("swap threads");
                exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
        }
        return old->get_return_value();
}

/**
 * Takes the next step in the execution, if possible.
 * @param curr The current step to take
 * @return Returns the next Thread to run, if any; NULL if this execution
 * should terminate
 */
Thread * ModelChecker::take_step(ModelAction *curr)
{
        Thread *curr_thrd = get_thread(curr);
        ASSERT(curr_thrd->get_state() == THREAD_READY);

        curr = check_current_action(curr);

        /* Infeasible -> don't take any more steps */
        if (is_infeasible())
                return NULL;
        else if (isfeasibleprefix() && have_bug_reports()) {
                set_assert();
                return NULL;
        }

        if (params.bound != 0 && priv->used_sequence_numbers > params.bound)
                return NULL;

        if (curr_thrd->is_blocked() || curr_thrd->is_complete())
                scheduler->remove_thread(curr_thrd);

        Thread *next_thrd = get_next_thread(curr);

        DEBUG("(%d, %d)\n", curr_thrd ? id_to_int(curr_thrd->get_id()) : -1,
                        next_thrd ? id_to_int(next_thrd->get_id()) : -1);

        return next_thrd;
}

/** Wrapper to run the user's main function, with appropriate arguments */
void user_main_wrapper(void *)
{
        user_main(model->params.argc, model->params.argv);
}

/** @brief Run ModelChecker for the user program */
void ModelChecker::run()
{
        do {
                thrd_t user_thread;
                Thread *t = new Thread(&user_thread, &user_main_wrapper, NULL, NULL);
                add_thread(t);

                do {
                        /*
                         * Stash next pending action(s) for thread(s). There
                         * should only need to stash one thread's action--the
                         * thread which just took a step--plus the first step
                         * for any newly-created thread
                         */
                        for (unsigned int i = 0; i < get_num_threads(); i++) {
                                thread_id_t tid = int_to_id(i);
                                Thread *thr = get_thread(tid);
                                if (!thr->is_model_thread() && !thr->is_complete() && !thr->get_pending()) {
                                        switch_from_master(thr);
                                }
                        }

                        /* Catch assertions from prior take_step or from
                         * between-ModelAction bugs (e.g., data races) */
                        if (has_asserted())
                                break;

                        /* Consume the next action for a Thread */
                        ModelAction *curr = t->get_pending();
                        t->set_pending(NULL);
                        t = take_step(curr);
                } while (t && !t->is_model_thread());

                /*
                 * Launch end-of-execution release sequence fixups only when
                 * the execution is otherwise feasible AND there are:
                 *
                 * (1) pending release sequences
                 * (2) pending assertions that could be invalidated by a change
                 * in clock vectors (i.e., data races)
                 * (3) no pending promises
                 */
                while (!pending_rel_seqs->empty() &&
                                is_feasible_prefix_ignore_relseq() &&
                                !unrealizedraces.empty()) {
                        model_print("*** WARNING: release sequence fixup action "
                                        "(%zu pending release seuqence(s)) ***\n",
                                        pending_rel_seqs->size());
                        ModelAction *fixup = new ModelAction(MODEL_FIXUP_RELSEQ,
                                        std::memory_order_seq_cst, NULL, VALUE_NONE,
                                        model_thread);
                        take_step(fixup);
                };
        } while (next_execution());

        model_print("******* Model-checking complete: *******\n");
        print_stats();
}