Bug fix
[c11tester.git] / execution.cc
index 290a2624666f905dc8bac06c5178aafc2fe5dda0..54e14c30fd03cb924ccc300cb3bfd84388c6a550 100644 (file)
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@
 #include "bugmessage.h"
 #include "history.h"
 #include "fuzzer.h"
+#include "newfuzzer.h"
 
 #define INITIAL_THREAD_ID       0
 
@@ -27,7 +28,6 @@ struct model_snapshot_members {
                next_thread_id(INITIAL_THREAD_ID),
                used_sequence_numbers(0),
                bugs(),
-               bad_synchronization(false),
                asserted(false)
        { }
 
@@ -41,7 +41,6 @@ struct model_snapshot_members {
        modelclock_t used_sequence_numbers;
        SnapVector<bug_message *> bugs;
        /** @brief Incorrectly-ordered synchronization was made */
-       bool bad_synchronization;
        bool asserted;
 
        SNAPSHOTALLOC
@@ -52,10 +51,10 @@ ModelExecution::ModelExecution(ModelChecker *m, Scheduler *scheduler) :
        model(m),
        params(NULL),
        scheduler(scheduler),
-       action_trace(),
        thread_map(2),  /* We'll always need at least 2 threads */
        pthread_map(0),
        pthread_counter(1),
+       action_trace(),
        obj_map(),
        condvar_waiters_map(),
        obj_thrd_map(),
@@ -65,13 +64,16 @@ ModelExecution::ModelExecution(ModelChecker *m, Scheduler *scheduler) :
        priv(new struct model_snapshot_members ()),
        mo_graph(new CycleGraph()),
        fuzzer(new Fuzzer()),
-       thrd_func_list(),
-       thrd_func_inst_lists()
+       isfinished(false)
 {
        /* Initialize a model-checker thread, for special ModelActions */
        model_thread = new Thread(get_next_id());
        add_thread(model_thread);
+       fuzzer->register_engine(this);
        scheduler->register_engine(this);
+#ifdef TLS
+       pthread_key_create(&pthreadkey, tlsdestructor);
+#endif
 }
 
 /** @brief Destructor */
@@ -89,7 +91,7 @@ int ModelExecution::get_execution_number() const
        return model->get_execution_number();
 }
 
-static action_list_t * get_safe_ptr_action(HashTable<const void *, action_list_t *, uintptr_t, 4> * hash, void * ptr)
+static action_list_t * get_safe_ptr_action(HashTable<const void *, action_list_t *, uintptr_t, 2> * hash, void * ptr)
 {
        action_list_t *tmp = hash->get(ptr);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ static action_list_t * get_safe_ptr_action(HashTable<const void *, action_list_t
        return tmp;
 }
 
-static SnapVector<action_list_t> * get_safe_ptr_vect_action(HashTable<const void *, SnapVector<action_list_t> *, uintptr_t, 4> * hash, void * ptr)
+static SnapVector<action_list_t> * get_safe_ptr_vect_action(HashTable<const void *, SnapVector<action_list_t> *, uintptr_t, 2> * hash, void * ptr)
 {
        SnapVector<action_list_t> *tmp = hash->get(ptr);
        if (tmp == NULL) {
@@ -127,6 +129,18 @@ modelclock_t ModelExecution::get_next_seq_num()
        return ++priv->used_sequence_numbers;
 }
 
+/** @return a sequence number for a new ModelAction */
+modelclock_t ModelExecution::get_curr_seq_num()
+{
+       return priv->used_sequence_numbers;
+}
+
+/** Restore the last used sequence number when actions of a thread are postponed by Fuzzer */
+void ModelExecution::restore_last_seq_num()
+{
+       priv->used_sequence_numbers--;
+}
+
 /**
  * @brief Should the current action wake up a given thread?
  *
@@ -152,6 +166,12 @@ bool ModelExecution::should_wake_up(const ModelAction *curr, const Thread *threa
                if (fence_release && *(get_last_action(thread->get_id())) < *fence_release)
                        return true;
        }
+       /* The sleep is literally sleeping */
+       if (asleep->is_sleep()) {
+               if (fuzzer->shouldWake(asleep))
+                       return true;
+       }
+
        return false;
 }
 
@@ -160,29 +180,20 @@ void ModelExecution::wake_up_sleeping_actions(ModelAction *curr)
        for (unsigned int i = 0;i < get_num_threads();i++) {
                Thread *thr = get_thread(int_to_id(i));
                if (scheduler->is_sleep_set(thr)) {
-                       if (should_wake_up(curr, thr))
+                       if (should_wake_up(curr, thr)) {
                                /* Remove this thread from sleep set */
                                scheduler->remove_sleep(thr);
+                               if (thr->get_pending()->is_sleep())
+                                       thr->set_wakeup_state(true);
+                       }
                }
        }
 }
 
-/** @brief Alert the model-checker that an incorrectly-ordered
- * synchronization was made */
-void ModelExecution::set_bad_synchronization()
-{
-       priv->bad_synchronization = true;
-}
-
-bool ModelExecution::assert_bug(const char *msg)
+void ModelExecution::assert_bug(const char *msg)
 {
        priv->bugs.push_back(new bug_message(msg));
-
-       if (isfeasibleprefix()) {
-               set_assert();
-               return true;
-       }
-       return false;
+       set_assert();
 }
 
 /** @return True, if any bugs have been reported for this execution */
@@ -191,16 +202,6 @@ bool ModelExecution::have_bug_reports() const
        return priv->bugs.size() != 0;
 }
 
-/** @return True, if any fatal bugs have been reported for this execution.
- *  Any bug other than a data race is considered a fatal bug. Data races
- *  are not considered fatal unless the number of races is exceeds
- *  a threshold (temporarily set as 15).
- */
-bool ModelExecution::have_fatal_bug_reports() const
-{
-       return priv->bugs.size() != 0;
-}
-
 SnapVector<bug_message *> * ModelExecution::get_bugs() const
 {
        return &priv->bugs;
@@ -274,29 +275,41 @@ ModelAction * ModelExecution::convertNonAtomicStore(void * location) {
        add_normal_write_to_lists(act);
        add_write_to_lists(act);
        w_modification_order(act);
+       model->get_history()->process_action(act, act->get_tid());
        return act;
 }
 
-
 /**
  * Processes a read model action.
  * @param curr is the read model action to process.
  * @param rf_set is the set of model actions we can possibly read from
- * @return True if processing this read updates the mo_graph.
+ * @return True if the read can be pruned from the thread map list.
  */
-void ModelExecution::process_read(ModelAction *curr, SnapVector<ModelAction *> * rf_set)
+bool ModelExecution::process_read(ModelAction *curr, SnapVector<ModelAction *> * rf_set)
 {
-       SnapVector<const ModelAction *> * priorset = new SnapVector<const ModelAction *>();
+       SnapVector<ModelAction *> * priorset = new SnapVector<ModelAction *>();
        bool hasnonatomicstore = hasNonAtomicStore(curr->get_location());
        if (hasnonatomicstore) {
                ModelAction * nonatomicstore = convertNonAtomicStore(curr->get_location());
                rf_set->push_back(nonatomicstore);
        }
 
+       // Remove writes that violate read modification order
+       /*
+          uint i = 0;
+          while (i < rf_set->size()) {
+               ModelAction * rf = (*rf_set)[i];
+               if (!r_modification_order(curr, rf, NULL, NULL, true)) {
+                       (*rf_set)[i] = rf_set->back();
+                       rf_set->pop_back();
+               } else
+                       i++;
+          }*/
+
        while(true) {
                int index = fuzzer->selectWrite(curr, rf_set);
-               ModelAction *rf = (*rf_set)[index];
 
+               ModelAction *rf = (*rf_set)[index];
 
                ASSERT(rf);
                bool canprune = false;
@@ -307,11 +320,7 @@ void ModelExecution::process_read(ModelAction *curr, SnapVector<ModelAction *> *
                        read_from(curr, rf);
                        get_thread(curr)->set_return_value(curr->get_return_value());
                        delete priorset;
-                       if (canprune && curr->get_type() == ATOMIC_READ) {
-                               int tid = id_to_int(curr->get_tid());
-                               (*obj_thrd_map.get(curr->get_location()))[tid].pop_back();
-                       }
-                       return;
+                       return canprune && (curr->get_type() == ATOMIC_READ);
                }
                priorset->clear();
                (*rf_set)[index] = rf_set->back();
@@ -367,9 +376,37 @@ bool ModelExecution::process_mutex(ModelAction *curr)
                }
                break;
        }
-       case ATOMIC_WAIT:
+       case ATOMIC_WAIT: {
+               //TODO: DOESN'T REALLY IMPLEMENT SPURIOUS WAKEUPS CORRECTLY
+               if (fuzzer->shouldWait(curr)) {
+                       /* wake up the other threads */
+                       for (unsigned int i = 0;i < get_num_threads();i++) {
+                               Thread *t = get_thread(int_to_id(i));
+                               Thread *curr_thrd = get_thread(curr);
+                               if (t->waiting_on() == curr_thrd && t->get_pending()->is_lock())
+                                       scheduler->wake(t);
+                       }
+
+                       /* unlock the lock - after checking who was waiting on it */
+                       state->locked = NULL;
+
+                       /* disable this thread */
+                       get_safe_ptr_action(&condvar_waiters_map, curr->get_location())->push_back(curr);
+                       scheduler->sleep(get_thread(curr));
+               }
+
+               break;
+       }
+       case ATOMIC_TIMEDWAIT:
        case ATOMIC_UNLOCK: {
-               //TODO: FIX WAIT SITUATION...WAITS CAN SPURIOUSLY FAIL...TIMED WAITS SHOULD PROBABLY JUST BE THE SAME AS NORMAL WAITS...THINK ABOUT PROBABILITIES THOUGH....AS IN TIMED WAIT MUST FAIL TO GUARANTEE PROGRESS...NORMAL WAIT MAY FAIL...SO NEED NORMAL WAIT TO WORK CORRECTLY IN THE CASE IT SPURIOUSLY FAILS AND IN THE CASE IT DOESN'T...  TIMED WAITS MUST EVENMTUALLY RELEASE...
+               //TODO: FIX WAIT SITUATION...WAITS CAN SPURIOUSLY
+               //FAIL...TIMED WAITS SHOULD PROBABLY JUST BE THE SAME
+               //AS NORMAL WAITS...THINK ABOUT PROBABILITIES
+               //THOUGH....AS IN TIMED WAIT MUST FAIL TO GUARANTEE
+               //PROGRESS...NORMAL WAIT MAY FAIL...SO NEED NORMAL
+               //WAIT TO WORK CORRECTLY IN THE CASE IT SPURIOUSLY
+               //FAILS AND IN THE CASE IT DOESN'T...  TIMED WAITS
+               //MUST EVENMTUALLY RELEASE...
 
                /* wake up the other threads */
                for (unsigned int i = 0;i < get_num_threads();i++) {
@@ -381,17 +418,13 @@ bool ModelExecution::process_mutex(ModelAction *curr)
 
                /* unlock the lock - after checking who was waiting on it */
                state->locked = NULL;
-
-               if (!curr->is_wait())
-                       break;/* The rest is only for ATOMIC_WAIT */
-
                break;
        }
        case ATOMIC_NOTIFY_ALL: {
                action_list_t *waiters = get_safe_ptr_action(&condvar_waiters_map, curr->get_location());
                //activate all the waiting threads
-               for (action_list_t::iterator rit = waiters->begin();rit != waiters->end();rit++) {
-                       scheduler->wake(get_thread(*rit));
+               for (sllnode<ModelAction *> * rit = waiters->begin();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getNext()) {
+                       scheduler->wake(get_thread(rit->getVal()));
                }
                waiters->clear();
                break;
@@ -440,10 +473,10 @@ bool ModelExecution::process_fence(ModelAction *curr)
        bool updated = false;
        if (curr->is_acquire()) {
                action_list_t *list = &action_trace;
-               action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * rit;
                /* Find X : is_read(X) && X --sb-> curr */
-               for (rit = list->rbegin();rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       ModelAction *act = *rit;
+               for (rit = list->end();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                       ModelAction *act = rit->getVal();
                        if (act == curr)
                                continue;
                        if (act->get_tid() != curr->get_tid())
@@ -480,10 +513,8 @@ bool ModelExecution::process_fence(ModelAction *curr)
  * @param curr The current action
  * @return True if synchronization was updated or a thread completed
  */
-bool ModelExecution::process_thread_action(ModelAction *curr)
+void ModelExecution::process_thread_action(ModelAction *curr)
 {
-       bool updated = false;
-
        switch (curr->get_type()) {
        case THREAD_CREATE: {
                thrd_t *thrd = (thrd_t *)curr->get_location();
@@ -513,19 +544,25 @@ bool ModelExecution::process_thread_action(ModelAction *curr)
                Thread *blocking = curr->get_thread_operand();
                ModelAction *act = get_last_action(blocking->get_id());
                synchronize(act, curr);
-               updated = true; /* trigger rel-seq checks */
                break;
        }
        case PTHREAD_JOIN: {
                Thread *blocking = curr->get_thread_operand();
                ModelAction *act = get_last_action(blocking->get_id());
                synchronize(act, curr);
-               updated = true; /* trigger rel-seq checks */
                break;  // WL: to be add (modified)
        }
 
+       case THREADONLY_FINISH:
        case THREAD_FINISH: {
                Thread *th = get_thread(curr);
+               if (curr->get_type() == THREAD_FINISH &&
+                               th == model->getInitThread()) {
+                       th->complete();
+                       setFinished();
+                       break;
+               }
+
                /* Wake up any joining threads */
                for (unsigned int i = 0;i < get_num_threads();i++) {
                        Thread *waiting = get_thread(int_to_id(i));
@@ -534,17 +571,20 @@ bool ModelExecution::process_thread_action(ModelAction *curr)
                                scheduler->wake(waiting);
                }
                th->complete();
-               updated = true; /* trigger rel-seq checks */
                break;
        }
        case THREAD_START: {
                break;
        }
+       case THREAD_SLEEP: {
+               Thread *th = get_thread(curr);
+               th->set_pending(curr);
+               scheduler->add_sleep(th);
+               break;
+       }
        default:
                break;
        }
-
-       return updated;
 }
 
 /**
@@ -621,7 +661,7 @@ void ModelExecution::read_from(ModelAction *act, ModelAction *rf)
 bool ModelExecution::synchronize(const ModelAction *first, ModelAction *second)
 {
        if (*second < *first) {
-               set_bad_synchronization();
+               ASSERT(0);      //This should not happend
                return false;
        }
        return second->synchronize_with(first);
@@ -649,6 +689,9 @@ bool ModelExecution::check_action_enabled(ModelAction *curr) {
                if (!blocking->is_complete()) {
                        return false;
                }
+       } else if (curr->is_sleep()) {
+               if (!fuzzer->shouldSleep(curr))
+                       return false;
        }
 
        return true;
@@ -675,26 +718,27 @@ ModelAction * ModelExecution::check_current_action(ModelAction *curr)
 
        wake_up_sleeping_actions(curr);
 
-       /* Add the action to lists before any other model-checking tasks */
-       if (!second_part_of_rmw && curr->get_type() != NOOP)
-               add_action_to_lists(curr);
-
-       if (curr->is_write())
-               add_write_to_lists(curr);
-
        SnapVector<ModelAction *> * rf_set = NULL;
        /* Build may_read_from set for newly-created actions */
        if (newly_explored && curr->is_read())
                rf_set = build_may_read_from(curr);
 
-       process_thread_action(curr);
+       bool canprune = false;
 
        if (curr->is_read() && !second_part_of_rmw) {
-               process_read(curr, rf_set);
+               canprune = process_read(curr, rf_set);
                delete rf_set;
-       } else {
+       } else
                ASSERT(rf_set == NULL);
-       }
+
+       /* Add the action to lists */
+       if (!second_part_of_rmw)
+               add_action_to_lists(curr, canprune);
+
+       if (curr->is_write())
+               add_write_to_lists(curr);
+
+       process_thread_action(curr);
 
        if (curr->is_write())
                process_write(curr);
@@ -708,42 +752,6 @@ ModelAction * ModelExecution::check_current_action(ModelAction *curr)
        return curr;
 }
 
-/**
- * This is the strongest feasibility check available.
- * @return whether the current trace (partial or complete) must be a prefix of
- * a feasible trace.
- */
-bool ModelExecution::isfeasibleprefix() const
-{
-       return !is_infeasible();
-}
-
-/**
- * Print disagnostic information about an infeasible execution
- * @param prefix A string to prefix the output with; if NULL, then a default
- * message prefix will be provided
- */
-void ModelExecution::print_infeasibility(const char *prefix) const
-{
-       char buf[100];
-       char *ptr = buf;
-       if (priv->bad_synchronization)
-               ptr += sprintf(ptr, "[bad sw ordering]");
-       if (ptr != buf)
-               model_print("%s: %s", prefix ? prefix : "Infeasible", buf);
-}
-
-/**
- * Check if the current partial trace is infeasible. Does not check any
- * end-of-execution flags, which might rule out the execution. Thus, this is
- * useful only for ruling an execution as infeasible.
- * @return whether the current partial trace is infeasible.
- */
-bool ModelExecution::is_infeasible() const
-{
-       return priv->bad_synchronization;
-}
-
 /** Close out a RMWR by converting previous RMWR into a RMW or READ. */
 ModelAction * ModelExecution::process_rmw(ModelAction *act) {
        ModelAction *lastread = get_last_action(act->get_tid());
@@ -768,22 +776,34 @@ ModelAction * ModelExecution::process_rmw(ModelAction *act) {
  *
  * @param curr The current action. Must be a read.
  * @param rf The ModelAction or Promise that curr reads from. Must be a write.
+ * @param check_only If true, then only check whether the current action satisfies
+ *        read modification order or not, without modifiying priorset and canprune.
+ *        False by default.
  * @return True if modification order edges were added; false otherwise
  */
 
-bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *rf, SnapVector<const ModelAction *> * priorset, bool * canprune)
+bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *rf,
+                                                                                                                                                                       SnapVector<ModelAction *> * priorset, bool * canprune, bool check_only)
 {
        SnapVector<action_list_t> *thrd_lists = obj_thrd_map.get(curr->get_location());
-       unsigned int i;
        ASSERT(curr->is_read());
 
        /* Last SC fence in the current thread */
        ModelAction *last_sc_fence_local = get_last_seq_cst_fence(curr->get_tid(), NULL);
 
        int tid = curr->get_tid();
+
+       /* Need to ensure thrd_lists is big enough because we have not added the curr actions yet.  */
+       if ((int)thrd_lists->size() <= tid) {
+               uint oldsize = thrd_lists->size();
+               thrd_lists->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
+               for(uint i = oldsize;i < priv->next_thread_id;i++)
+                       new (&(*thrd_lists)[i]) action_list_t();
+       }
+
        ModelAction *prev_same_thread = NULL;
        /* Iterate over all threads */
-       for (i = 0;i < thrd_lists->size();i++, tid = (((unsigned int)(tid+1)) == thrd_lists->size()) ? 0 : tid + 1) {
+       for (unsigned int i = 0;i < thrd_lists->size();i++, tid = (((unsigned int)(tid+1)) == thrd_lists->size()) ? 0 : tid + 1) {
                /* Last SC fence in thread tid */
                ModelAction *last_sc_fence_thread_local = NULL;
                if (i != 0)
@@ -803,9 +823,9 @@ bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *
 
                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[tid];
-               action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
-               for (rit = list->rbegin();rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       ModelAction *act = *rit;
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * rit;
+               for (rit = list->end();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                       ModelAction *act = rit->getVal();
 
                        /* Skip curr */
                        if (act == curr)
@@ -824,7 +844,8 @@ bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *
                                                *act < *last_sc_fence_thread_local) {
                                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(rf, act))
                                                return false;
-                                       priorset->push_back(act);
+                                       if (!check_only)
+                                               priorset->push_back(act);
                                        break;
                                }
                                /* C++, Section 29.3 statement 4 */
@@ -832,7 +853,8 @@ bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *
                                                                 *act < *last_sc_fence_local) {
                                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(rf, act))
                                                return false;
-                                       priorset->push_back(act);
+                                       if (!check_only)
+                                               priorset->push_back(act);
                                        break;
                                }
                                /* C++, Section 29.3 statement 6 */
@@ -840,7 +862,8 @@ bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *
                                                                 *act < *last_sc_fence_thread_before) {
                                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(rf, act))
                                                return false;
-                                       priorset->push_back(act);
+                                       if (!check_only)
+                                               priorset->push_back(act);
                                        break;
                                }
                        }
@@ -859,17 +882,20 @@ bool ModelExecution::r_modification_order(ModelAction *curr, const ModelAction *
                                if (act->is_write()) {
                                        if (mo_graph->checkReachable(rf, act))
                                                return false;
-                                       priorset->push_back(act);
+                                       if (!check_only)
+                                               priorset->push_back(act);
                                } else {
-                                       const ModelAction *prevrf = act->get_reads_from();
+                                       ModelAction *prevrf = act->get_reads_from();
                                        if (!prevrf->equals(rf)) {
                                                if (mo_graph->checkReachable(rf, prevrf))
                                                        return false;
-                                               priorset->push_back(prevrf);
+                                               if (!check_only)
+                                                       priorset->push_back(prevrf);
                                        } else {
                                                if (act->get_tid() == curr->get_tid()) {
                                                        //Can prune curr from obj list
-                                                       *canprune = true;
+                                                       if (!check_only)
+                                                               *canprune = true;
                                                }
                                        }
                                }
@@ -935,9 +961,9 @@ void ModelExecution::w_modification_order(ModelAction *curr)
 
                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
-               action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
-               for (rit = list->rbegin();rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       ModelAction *act = *rit;
+               sllnode<ModelAction*>* rit;
+               for (rit = list->end();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                       ModelAction *act = rit->getVal();
                        if (act == curr) {
                                /*
                                 * 1) If RMW and it actually read from something, then we
@@ -1009,9 +1035,9 @@ bool ModelExecution::mo_may_allow(const ModelAction *writer, const ModelAction *
 
                /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
                action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
-               action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
-               for (rit = list->rbegin();rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       ModelAction *act = *rit;
+               sllnode<ModelAction *>* rit;
+               for (rit = list->end();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                       ModelAction *act = rit->getVal();
 
                        /* Don't disallow due to act == reader */
                        if (!reader->happens_before(act) || reader == act)
@@ -1089,42 +1115,33 @@ ClockVector * ModelExecution::get_hb_from_write(ModelAction *rf) const {
  *
  * @param act is the ModelAction to add.
  */
-void ModelExecution::add_action_to_lists(ModelAction *act)
+void ModelExecution::add_action_to_lists(ModelAction *act, bool canprune)
 {
        int tid = id_to_int(act->get_tid());
-       ModelAction *uninit = NULL;
-       int uninit_id = -1;
-       action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, act->get_location());
-       if (list->empty() && act->is_atomic_var()) {
-               uninit = get_uninitialized_action(act);
-               uninit_id = id_to_int(uninit->get_tid());
-               list->push_front(uninit);
-               SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_wr_thrd_map, act->get_location());
-               if (uninit_id >= (int)vec->size())
-                       vec->resize(uninit_id + 1);
-               (*vec)[uninit_id].push_front(uninit);
+       if ((act->is_fence() && act->is_seqcst()) || act->is_unlock()) {
+               action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, act->get_location());
+               act->setActionRef(list->add_back(act));
        }
-       list->push_back(act);
 
        // Update action trace, a total order of all actions
-       action_trace.push_back(act);
-       if (uninit)
-               action_trace.push_front(uninit);
+       act->setTraceRef(action_trace.add_back(act));
+
 
        // Update obj_thrd_map, a per location, per thread, order of actions
        SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_thrd_map, act->get_location());
-       if (tid >= (int)vec->size())
+       if ((int)vec->size() <= tid) {
+               uint oldsize = vec->size();
                vec->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
-       (*vec)[tid].push_back(act);
-       if (uninit)
-               (*vec)[uninit_id].push_front(uninit);
+               for(uint i = oldsize;i < priv->next_thread_id;i++)
+                       new (&(*vec)[i]) action_list_t();
+       }
+       if (!canprune)
+               act->setThrdMapRef((*vec)[tid].add_back(act));
 
-       // Update thrd_last_action, the last action taken by each thrad
+       // Update thrd_last_action, the last action taken by each thread
        if ((int)thrd_last_action.size() <= tid)
                thrd_last_action.resize(get_num_threads());
        thrd_last_action[tid] = act;
-       if (uninit)
-               thrd_last_action[uninit_id] = uninit;
 
        // Update thrd_last_fence_release, the last release fence taken by each thread
        if (act->is_fence() && act->is_release()) {
@@ -1135,48 +1152,51 @@ void ModelExecution::add_action_to_lists(ModelAction *act)
 
        if (act->is_wait()) {
                void *mutex_loc = (void *) act->get_value();
-               get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, mutex_loc)->push_back(act);
+               act->setActionRef(get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, mutex_loc)->add_back(act));
 
                SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_thrd_map, mutex_loc);
-               if (tid >= (int)vec->size())
+               if ((int)vec->size() <= tid) {
+                       uint oldsize = vec->size();
                        vec->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
-               (*vec)[tid].push_back(act);
+                       for(uint i = oldsize;i < priv->next_thread_id;i++)
+                               new (&(*vec)[i]) action_list_t();
+               }
+               act->setThrdMapRef((*vec)[tid].add_back(act));
        }
 }
 
-void insertIntoActionList(action_list_t *list, ModelAction *act) {
-       action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = list->rbegin();
+sllnode<ModelAction *>* insertIntoActionList(action_list_t *list, ModelAction *act) {
+       sllnode<ModelAction*> * rit = list->end();
        modelclock_t next_seq = act->get_seq_number();
-       if (rit == list->rend() || (*rit)->get_seq_number() == next_seq)
-               list->push_back(act);
+       if (rit == NULL || (rit->getVal()->get_seq_number() == next_seq))
+               return list->add_back(act);
        else {
-               for(;rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       if ((*rit)->get_seq_number() == next_seq) {
-                               action_list_t::iterator it = rit.base();
-                               list->insert(it, act);
-                               break;
+               for(;rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                       if (rit->getVal()->get_seq_number() == next_seq) {
+                               return list->insertAfter(rit, act);
                        }
                }
+               return NULL;
        }
 }
 
-void insertIntoActionListAndSetCV(action_list_t *list, ModelAction *act) {
-       action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = list->rbegin();
+sllnode<ModelAction *>* insertIntoActionListAndSetCV(action_list_t *list, ModelAction *act) {
+       sllnode<ModelAction*> * rit = list->end();
        modelclock_t next_seq = act->get_seq_number();
-       if (rit == list->rend()) {
+       if (rit == NULL) {
                act->create_cv(NULL);
-       } else if ((*rit)->get_seq_number() == next_seq) {
-               act->create_cv((*rit));
-               list->push_back(act);
+               return NULL;
+       } else if (rit->getVal()->get_seq_number() == next_seq) {
+               act->create_cv(rit->getVal());
+               return list->add_back(act);
        } else {
-               for(;rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       if ((*rit)->get_seq_number() == next_seq) {
-                               act->create_cv((*rit));
-                               action_list_t::iterator it = rit.base();
-                               list->insert(it, act);
-                               break;
+               for(;rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                       if (rit->getVal()->get_seq_number() == next_seq) {
+                               act->create_cv(rit->getVal());
+                               return list->insertAfter(rit, act);
                        }
                }
+               return NULL;
        }
 }
 
@@ -1191,19 +1211,21 @@ void insertIntoActionListAndSetCV(action_list_t *list, ModelAction *act) {
 void ModelExecution::add_normal_write_to_lists(ModelAction *act)
 {
        int tid = id_to_int(act->get_tid());
-       insertIntoActionListAndSetCV(&action_trace, act);
-
-       action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, act->get_location());
-       insertIntoActionList(list, act);
+       act->setTraceRef(insertIntoActionListAndSetCV(&action_trace, act));
 
        // Update obj_thrd_map, a per location, per thread, order of actions
        SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_thrd_map, act->get_location());
-       if (tid >= (int)vec->size())
+       if (tid >= (int)vec->size()) {
+               uint oldsize =vec->size();
                vec->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
-       insertIntoActionList(&(*vec)[tid],act);
+               for(uint i=oldsize;i<priv->next_thread_id;i++)
+                       new (&(*vec)[i]) action_list_t();
+       }
+       act->setThrdMapRef(insertIntoActionList(&(*vec)[tid],act));
 
+       ModelAction * lastact = thrd_last_action[tid];
        // Update thrd_last_action, the last action taken by each thrad
-       if (thrd_last_action[tid]->get_seq_number() == act->get_seq_number())
+       if (lastact == NULL || lastact->get_seq_number() == act->get_seq_number())
                thrd_last_action[tid] = act;
 }
 
@@ -1211,9 +1233,13 @@ void ModelExecution::add_normal_write_to_lists(ModelAction *act)
 void ModelExecution::add_write_to_lists(ModelAction *write) {
        SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_wr_thrd_map, write->get_location());
        int tid = id_to_int(write->get_tid());
-       if (tid >= (int)vec->size())
+       if (tid >= (int)vec->size()) {
+               uint oldsize =vec->size();
                vec->resize(priv->next_thread_id);
-       (*vec)[tid].push_back(write);
+               for(uint i=oldsize;i<priv->next_thread_id;i++)
+                       new (&(*vec)[i]) action_list_t();
+       }
+       write->setActionRef((*vec)[tid].add_back(write));
 }
 
 /**
@@ -1274,20 +1300,22 @@ ModelAction * ModelExecution::get_last_seq_cst_fence(thread_id_t tid, const Mode
        if (!list)
                return NULL;
 
-       action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit = list->rbegin();
+       sllnode<ModelAction*>* rit = list->end();
 
        if (before_fence) {
-               for (;rit != list->rend();rit++)
-                       if (*rit == before_fence)
+               for (;rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev())
+                       if (rit->getVal() == before_fence)
                                break;
 
-               ASSERT(*rit == before_fence);
-               rit++;
+               ASSERT(rit->getVal() == before_fence);
+               rit=rit->getPrev();
        }
 
-       for (;rit != list->rend();rit++)
-               if ((*rit)->is_fence() && (tid == (*rit)->get_tid()) && (*rit)->is_seqcst())
-                       return *rit;
+       for (;rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+               ModelAction *act = rit->getVal();
+               if (act->is_fence() && (tid == act->get_tid()) && act->is_seqcst())
+                       return act;
+       }
        return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1304,11 +1332,14 @@ ModelAction * ModelExecution::get_last_unlock(ModelAction *curr) const
        void *location = curr->get_location();
 
        action_list_t *list = obj_map.get(location);
+       if (list == NULL)
+               return NULL;
+
        /* Find: max({i in dom(S) | isUnlock(t_i) && samevar(t_i, t)}) */
-       action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
-       for (rit = list->rbegin();rit != list->rend();rit++)
-               if ((*rit)->is_unlock() || (*rit)->is_wait())
-                       return *rit;
+       sllnode<ModelAction*>* rit;
+       for (rit = list->end();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev())
+               if (rit->getVal()->is_unlock() || rit->getVal()->is_wait())
+                       return rit->getVal();
        return NULL;
 }
 
@@ -1368,46 +1399,47 @@ SnapVector<ModelAction *> *  ModelExecution::build_may_read_from(ModelAction *cu
        SnapVector<ModelAction *> * rf_set = new SnapVector<ModelAction *>();
 
        /* Iterate over all threads */
-       for (i = 0;i < thrd_lists->size();i++) {
-               /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
-               action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
-               action_list_t::reverse_iterator rit;
-               for (rit = list->rbegin();rit != list->rend();rit++) {
-                       ModelAction *act = *rit;
-
-                       if (act == curr)
-                               continue;
+       if (thrd_lists != NULL)
+               for (i = 0;i < thrd_lists->size();i++) {
+                       /* Iterate over actions in thread, starting from most recent */
+                       action_list_t *list = &(*thrd_lists)[i];
+                       sllnode<ModelAction *> * rit;
+                       for (rit = list->end();rit != NULL;rit=rit->getPrev()) {
+                               ModelAction *act = rit->getVal();
+
+                               if (act == curr)
+                                       continue;
 
-                       /* Don't consider more than one seq_cst write if we are a seq_cst read. */
-                       bool allow_read = true;
-
-                       if (curr->is_seqcst() && (act->is_seqcst() || (last_sc_write != NULL && act->happens_before(last_sc_write))) && act != last_sc_write)
-                               allow_read = false;
-
-                       /* Need to check whether we will have two RMW reading from the same value */
-                       if (curr->is_rmwr()) {
-                               /* It is okay if we have a failing CAS */
-                               if (!curr->is_rmwrcas() ||
-                                               valequals(curr->get_value(), act->get_value(), curr->getSize())) {
-                                       //Need to make sure we aren't the second RMW
-                                       CycleNode * node = mo_graph->getNode_noCreate(act);
-                                       if (node != NULL && node->getRMW() != NULL) {
-                                               //we are the second RMW
-                                               allow_read = false;
+                               /* Don't consider more than one seq_cst write if we are a seq_cst read. */
+                               bool allow_read = true;
+
+                               if (curr->is_seqcst() && (act->is_seqcst() || (last_sc_write != NULL && act->happens_before(last_sc_write))) && act != last_sc_write)
+                                       allow_read = false;
+
+                               /* Need to check whether we will have two RMW reading from the same value */
+                               if (curr->is_rmwr()) {
+                                       /* It is okay if we have a failing CAS */
+                                       if (!curr->is_rmwrcas() ||
+                                                       valequals(curr->get_value(), act->get_value(), curr->getSize())) {
+                                               //Need to make sure we aren't the second RMW
+                                               CycleNode * node = mo_graph->getNode_noCreate(act);
+                                               if (node != NULL && node->getRMW() != NULL) {
+                                                       //we are the second RMW
+                                                       allow_read = false;
+                                               }
                                        }
                                }
-                       }
 
-                       if (allow_read) {
-                               /* Only add feasible reads */
-                               rf_set->push_back(act);
-                       }
+                               if (allow_read) {
+                                       /* Only add feasible reads */
+                                       rf_set->push_back(act);
+                               }
 
-                       /* Include at most one act per-thread that "happens before" curr */
-                       if (act->happens_before(curr))
-                               break;
+                               /* Include at most one act per-thread that "happens before" curr */
+                               if (act->happens_before(curr))
+                                       break;
+                       }
                }
-       }
 
        if (DBG_ENABLED()) {
                model_print("Reached read action:\n");
@@ -1417,28 +1449,9 @@ SnapVector<ModelAction *> *  ModelExecution::build_may_read_from(ModelAction *cu
        return rf_set;
 }
 
-/**
- * @brief Get an action representing an uninitialized atomic
- *
- * This function may create a new one.
- *
- * @param curr The current action, which prompts the creation of an UNINIT action
- * @return A pointer to the UNINIT ModelAction
- */
-ModelAction * ModelExecution::get_uninitialized_action(ModelAction *curr) const
-{
-       ModelAction *act = curr->get_uninit_action();
-       if (!act) {
-               act = new ModelAction(ATOMIC_UNINIT, std::memory_order_relaxed, curr->get_location(), params->uninitvalue, model_thread);
-               curr->set_uninit_action(act);
-       }
-       act->create_cv(NULL);
-       return act;
-}
-
-static void print_list(const action_list_t *list)
+static void print_list(action_list_t *list)
 {
-       action_list_t::const_iterator it;
+       sllnode<ModelAction*> *it;
 
        model_print("------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
        model_print("#    t    Action type     MO       Location         Value               Rf  CV\n");
@@ -1446,18 +1459,18 @@ static void print_list(const action_list_t *list)
 
        unsigned int hash = 0;
 
-       for (it = list->begin();it != list->end();it++) {
-               const ModelAction *act = *it;
+       for (it = list->begin();it != NULL;it=it->getNext()) {
+               const ModelAction *act = it->getVal();
                if (act->get_seq_number() > 0)
                        act->print();
-               hash = hash^(hash<<3)^((*it)->hash());
+               hash = hash^(hash<<3)^(it->getVal()->hash());
        }
        model_print("HASH %u\n", hash);
        model_print("------------------------------------------------------------------------------------\n");
 }
 
 #if SUPPORT_MOD_ORDER_DUMP
-void ModelExecution::dumpGraph(char *filename) const
+void ModelExecution::dumpGraph(char *filename)
 {
        char buffer[200];
        sprintf(buffer, "%s.dot", filename);
@@ -1466,8 +1479,8 @@ void ModelExecution::dumpGraph(char *filename) const
        mo_graph->dumpNodes(file);
        ModelAction **thread_array = (ModelAction **)model_calloc(1, sizeof(ModelAction *) * get_num_threads());
 
-       for (action_list_t::const_iterator it = action_trace.begin();it != action_trace.end();it++) {
-               ModelAction *act = *it;
+       for (sllnode<ModelAction*>* it = action_trace.begin();it != NULL;it=it->getNext()) {
+               ModelAction *act = it->getVal();
                if (act->is_read()) {
                        mo_graph->dot_print_node(file, act);
                        mo_graph->dot_print_edge(file,
@@ -1491,7 +1504,7 @@ void ModelExecution::dumpGraph(char *filename) const
 #endif
 
 /** @brief Prints an execution trace summary. */
-void ModelExecution::print_summary() const
+void ModelExecution::print_summary()
 {
 #if SUPPORT_MOD_ORDER_DUMP
        char buffername[100];
@@ -1502,13 +1515,11 @@ void ModelExecution::print_summary() const
 #endif
 
        model_print("Execution trace %d:", get_execution_number());
-       if (isfeasibleprefix()) {
-               if (scheduler->all_threads_sleeping())
-                       model_print(" SLEEP-SET REDUNDANT");
-               if (have_bug_reports())
-                       model_print(" DETECTED BUG(S)");
-       } else
-               print_infeasibility(" INFEASIBLE");
+       if (scheduler->all_threads_sleeping())
+               model_print(" SLEEP-SET REDUNDANT");
+       if (have_bug_reports())
+               model_print(" DETECTED BUG(S)");
+
        model_print("\n");
 
        print_list(&action_trace);
@@ -1604,7 +1615,7 @@ bool ModelExecution::is_enabled(thread_id_t tid) const
 Thread * ModelExecution::action_select_next_thread(const ModelAction *curr) const
 {
        /* Do not split atomic RMW */
-       if (curr->is_rmwr())
+       if (curr->is_rmwr() && !paused_by_fuzzer(curr))
                return get_thread(curr);
        /* Follow CREATE with the created thread */
        /* which is not needed, because model.cc takes care of this */
@@ -1616,6 +1627,15 @@ Thread * ModelExecution::action_select_next_thread(const ModelAction *curr) cons
        return NULL;
 }
 
+/** @param act A read atomic action */
+bool ModelExecution::paused_by_fuzzer(const ModelAction * act) const
+{
+       ASSERT(act->is_read());
+
+       // Actions paused by fuzzer have their sequence number reset to 0
+       return act->get_seq_number() == 0;
+}
+
 /**
  * Takes the next step in the execution, if possible.
  * @param curr The current step to take
@@ -1631,8 +1651,8 @@ Thread * ModelExecution::take_step(ModelAction *curr)
        curr = check_current_action(curr);
        ASSERT(curr);
 
-       /* Process this action in ModelHistory for records*/
-       model->get_history()->process_action( curr, curr_thrd->get_id() );
+       /* Process this action in ModelHistory for records */
+       model->get_history()->process_action( curr, curr->get_tid() );
 
        if (curr_thrd->is_blocked() || curr_thrd->is_complete())
                scheduler->remove_thread(curr_thrd);
@@ -1640,6 +1660,199 @@ Thread * ModelExecution::take_step(ModelAction *curr)
        return action_select_next_thread(curr);
 }
 
+void ModelExecution::removeAction(ModelAction *act) {
+       {
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * listref = act->getTraceRef();
+               if (listref != NULL) {
+                       action_trace.erase(listref);
+               }
+       }
+       {
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * listref = act->getThrdMapRef();
+               if (listref != NULL) {
+                       SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_thrd_map, act->get_location());
+                       (*vec)[act->get_tid()].erase(listref);
+               }
+       }
+       if ((act->is_fence() && act->is_seqcst()) || act->is_unlock()) {
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * listref = act->getActionRef();
+               if (listref != NULL) {
+                       action_list_t *list = get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, act->get_location());
+                       list->erase(listref);
+               }
+       } else if (act->is_wait()) {
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * listref = act->getActionRef();
+               if (listref != NULL) {
+                       void *mutex_loc = (void *) act->get_value();
+                       get_safe_ptr_action(&obj_map, mutex_loc)->erase(listref);
+               }
+       } else if (act->is_free()) {
+               sllnode<ModelAction *> * listref = act->getActionRef();
+               if (listref != NULL) {
+                       SnapVector<action_list_t> *vec = get_safe_ptr_vect_action(&obj_wr_thrd_map, act->get_location());
+                       (*vec)[act->get_tid()].erase(listref);
+               }
+               //Remove from Cyclegraph
+               mo_graph->freeAction(act);
+       }
+}
+
+ClockVector * ModelExecution::computeMinimalCV() {
+       ClockVector *cvmin = NULL;
+       //Thread 0 isn't a real thread, so skip it..
+       for(unsigned int i = 1;i < thread_map.size();i++) {
+               Thread * t = thread_map[i];
+               if (t->get_state() == THREAD_COMPLETED)
+                       continue;
+               thread_id_t tid = int_to_id(i);
+               ClockVector * cv = get_cv(tid);
+               if (cvmin == NULL)
+                       cvmin = new ClockVector(cv, NULL);
+               else
+                       cvmin->minmerge(cv);
+       }
+       return cvmin;
+}
+
+//Options...
+//How often to check for memory
+//How much of the trace to always keep
+//Whether to sacrifice completeness...i.e., remove visible writes
+
+void ModelExecution::collectActions() {
+       //Compute minimal clock vector for all live threads
+       ClockVector *cvmin = computeMinimalCV();
+       cvmin->print();
+       SnapVector<CycleNode *> * queue = new SnapVector<CycleNode *>();
+       modelclock_t maxtofree = priv->used_sequence_numbers - params->traceminsize;
+
+       //Next walk action trace...  When we hit an action, see if it is
+       //invisible (e.g., earlier than the first before the minimum
+       //clock for the thread...  if so erase it and all previous
+       //actions in cyclegraph
+       sllnode<ModelAction*> * it;
+       for (it = action_trace.begin();it != NULL;it=it->getNext()) {
+               ModelAction *act = it->getVal();
+               modelclock_t actseq = act->get_seq_number();
+
+               //See if we are done
+               if (actseq > maxtofree)
+                       break;
+
+               thread_id_t act_tid = act->get_tid();
+               modelclock_t tid_clock = cvmin->getClock(act_tid);
+               if (actseq <= tid_clock || params->removevisible) {
+                       ModelAction * write;
+                       if (act->is_write()) {
+                               write = act;
+                       } else if (act->is_read()) {
+                               write = act->get_reads_from();
+                       } else
+                               continue;
+
+                       //Mark everything earlier in MO graph to be freed
+                       CycleNode * cn = mo_graph->getNode_noCreate(write);
+                       if (cn != NULL) {
+                               queue->push_back(cn);
+                               while(!queue->empty()) {
+                                       CycleNode * node = queue->back();
+                                       queue->pop_back();
+                                       for(unsigned int i=0;i<node->getNumInEdges();i++) {
+                                               CycleNode * prevnode = node->getInEdge(i);
+                                               ModelAction * prevact = prevnode->getAction();
+                                               if (prevact->get_type() != READY_FREE) {
+                                                       prevact->set_free();
+                                                       queue->push_back(prevnode);
+                                               }
+                                       }
+                               }
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+       for (;it != NULL;) {
+               ModelAction *act = it->getVal();
+               //Do iteration early since we may delete node...
+               it=it->getPrev();
+               bool islastact = false;
+               ModelAction *lastact = get_last_action(act->get_tid());
+               if (act == lastact) {
+                       Thread * th = get_thread(act);
+                       islastact = !th->is_complete();
+               }
+
+               if (act->is_read()) {
+                       if (islastact) {
+                               act->set_read_from(NULL);
+                               continue;
+                       } else if (act->get_reads_from()->is_free()) {
+                               removeAction(act);
+                               delete act;
+                       } else {
+                               const ModelAction *rel_fence =act->get_last_fence_release();
+                               if (rel_fence != NULL) {
+                                       modelclock_t relfenceseq = rel_fence->get_seq_number();
+                                       thread_id_t relfence_tid = rel_fence->get_tid();
+                                       modelclock_t tid_clock = cvmin->getClock(relfence_tid);
+                                       //Remove references to irrelevant release fences
+                                       if (relfenceseq <= tid_clock)
+                                               act->set_last_fence_release(NULL);
+                               }
+                       }
+               } else if (islastact) {
+                       continue;
+               } else if (act->is_free()) {
+                       removeAction(act);
+                       delete act;
+               } else if (act->is_write()) {
+                       //Do nothing with write that hasn't been marked to be freed
+               } else if (act->is_fence()) {
+                       //Note that acquire fences can always be safely
+                       //removed, but could incur extra overheads in
+                       //traversals.  Removing them before the cvmin seems
+                       //like a good compromise.
+
+                       //Release fences before the cvmin don't do anything
+                       //because everyone has already synchronized.
+
+                       //Sequentially fences before cvmin are redundant
+                       //because happens-before will enforce same
+                       //orderings.
+
+                       modelclock_t actseq = act->get_seq_number();
+                       thread_id_t act_tid = act->get_tid();
+                       modelclock_t tid_clock = cvmin->getClock(act_tid);
+                       if (actseq <= tid_clock) {
+                               removeAction(act);
+                               delete act;
+                       }
+               } else {
+                       //need to deal with lock, annotation, wait, notify, thread create, start, join, yield, finish
+                       //lock, notify thread create, thread finish, yield, finish are dead as soon as they are in the trace
+                       //need to keep most recent unlock/wait for each lock
+                       if(act->is_unlock() || act->is_wait()) {
+                               ModelAction * lastlock = get_last_unlock(act);
+                               if (lastlock != act) {
+                                       removeAction(act);
+                                       delete act;
+                               }
+                       } else if (act->is_create()) {
+                               if (act->get_thread_operand()->is_complete()) {
+                                       removeAction(act);
+                                       delete act;
+                               }
+                       } else {
+                               removeAction(act);
+                               delete act;
+                       }
+               }
+       }
+
+       delete cvmin;
+       delete queue;
+}
+
+
+
 Fuzzer * ModelExecution::getFuzzer() {
        return fuzzer;
 }