1 //===- llvm-ld.cpp - LLVM 'ld' compatible linker --------------------------===//
3 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
5 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
6 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
8 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
10 // This utility is intended to be compatible with GCC, and follows standard
11 // system 'ld' conventions. As such, the default output file is ./a.out.
12 // Additionally, this program outputs a shell script that is used to invoke LLI
13 // to execute the program. In this manner, the generated executable (a.out for
14 // example), is directly executable, whereas the bitcode file actually lives in
15 // the a.out.bc file generated by this program.
17 // Note that if someone (or a script) deletes the executable program generated,
18 // the .bc file will be left around. Considering that this is a temporary hack,
19 // I'm not too worried about this.
21 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
23 #include "llvm/LinkAllVMCore.h"
24 #include "llvm/Linker.h"
25 #include "llvm/LLVMContext.h"
26 #include "llvm/System/Program.h"
27 #include "llvm/Module.h"
28 #include "llvm/PassManager.h"
29 #include "llvm/Bitcode/ReaderWriter.h"
30 #include "llvm/Target/TargetData.h"
31 #include "llvm/Target/TargetMachine.h"
32 #include "llvm/Support/CommandLine.h"
33 #include "llvm/Support/ManagedStatic.h"
34 #include "llvm/Support/MemoryBuffer.h"
35 #include "llvm/Support/PrettyStackTrace.h"
36 #include "llvm/Support/SystemUtils.h"
37 #include "llvm/Support/raw_ostream.h"
38 #include "llvm/System/Signals.h"
39 #include "llvm/Config/config.h"
44 // Rightly this should go in a header file but it just seems such a waste.
46 extern void Optimize(Module*);
49 // Input/Output Options
50 static cl::list<std::string> InputFilenames(cl::Positional, cl::OneOrMore,
51 cl::desc("<input bitcode files>"));
53 static cl::opt<std::string> OutputFilename("o", cl::init("a.out"),
54 cl::desc("Override output filename"),
55 cl::value_desc("filename"));
57 static cl::opt<std::string> BitcodeOutputFilename("b", cl::init(""),
58 cl::desc("Override bitcode output filename"),
59 cl::value_desc("filename"));
61 static cl::opt<bool> Verbose("v",
62 cl::desc("Print information about actions taken"));
64 static cl::list<std::string> LibPaths("L", cl::Prefix,
65 cl::desc("Specify a library search path"),
66 cl::value_desc("directory"));
68 static cl::list<std::string> FrameworkPaths("F", cl::Prefix,
69 cl::desc("Specify a framework search path"),
70 cl::value_desc("directory"));
72 static cl::list<std::string> Libraries("l", cl::Prefix,
73 cl::desc("Specify libraries to link to"),
74 cl::value_desc("library prefix"));
76 static cl::list<std::string> Frameworks("framework",
77 cl::desc("Specify frameworks to link to"),
78 cl::value_desc("framework"));
80 // Options to control the linking, optimization, and code gen processes
81 static cl::opt<bool> LinkAsLibrary("link-as-library",
82 cl::desc("Link the .bc files together as a library, not an executable"));
84 static cl::alias Relink("r", cl::aliasopt(LinkAsLibrary),
85 cl::desc("Alias for -link-as-library"));
87 static cl::opt<bool> Native("native",
88 cl::desc("Generate a native binary instead of a shell script"));
90 static cl::opt<bool>NativeCBE("native-cbe",
91 cl::desc("Generate a native binary with the C backend and GCC"));
93 static cl::list<std::string> PostLinkOpts("post-link-opts",
94 cl::value_desc("path"),
95 cl::desc("Run one or more optimization programs after linking"));
97 static cl::list<std::string> XLinker("Xlinker", cl::value_desc("option"),
98 cl::desc("Pass options to the system linker"));
100 // Compatibility options that llvm-ld ignores but are supported for
101 // compatibility with LD
102 static cl::opt<std::string> CO3("soname", cl::Hidden,
103 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
105 static cl::opt<std::string> CO4("version-script", cl::Hidden,
106 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
108 static cl::opt<bool> CO5("eh-frame-hdr", cl::Hidden,
109 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
111 static cl::opt<std::string> CO6("h", cl::Hidden,
112 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
114 static cl::opt<bool> CO7("start-group", cl::Hidden,
115 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
117 static cl::opt<bool> CO8("end-group", cl::Hidden,
118 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
120 static cl::opt<std::string> CO9("m", cl::Hidden,
121 cl::desc("Compatibility option: ignored"));
123 /// This is just for convenience so it doesn't have to be passed around
125 static std::string progname;
127 /// PrintAndExit - Prints a message to standard error and exits with error code
130 /// Message - The message to print to standard error.
132 static void PrintAndExit(const std::string &Message, Module *M, int errcode = 1) {
133 errs() << progname << ": " << Message << "\n";
139 static void PrintCommand(const std::vector<const char*> &args) {
140 std::vector<const char*>::const_iterator I = args.begin(), E = args.end();
143 outs() << "'" << *I << "'" << " ";
144 outs() << "\n"; outs().flush();
147 /// CopyEnv - This function takes an array of environment variables and makes a
148 /// copy of it. This copy can then be manipulated any way the caller likes
149 /// without affecting the process's real environment.
152 /// envp - An array of C strings containing an environment.
155 /// NULL - An error occurred.
157 /// Otherwise, a pointer to a new array of C strings is returned. Every string
158 /// in the array is a duplicate of the one in the original array (i.e. we do
159 /// not copy the char *'s from one array to another).
161 static char ** CopyEnv(char ** const envp) {
162 // Count the number of entries in the old list;
163 unsigned entries; // The number of entries in the old environment list
164 for (entries = 0; envp[entries] != NULL; entries++)
167 // Add one more entry for the NULL pointer that ends the list.
170 // If there are no entries at all, just return NULL.
174 // Allocate a new environment list.
175 char **newenv = new char* [entries];
176 if ((newenv = new char* [entries]) == NULL)
179 // Make a copy of the list. Don't forget the NULL that ends the list.
181 while (envp[entries] != NULL) {
182 size_t len = strlen(envp[entries]) + 1;
183 newenv[entries] = new char[len];
184 memcpy(newenv[entries], envp[entries], len);
187 newenv[entries] = NULL;
193 /// RemoveEnv - Remove the specified environment variable from the environment
197 /// name - The name of the variable to remove. It cannot be NULL.
198 /// envp - The array of environment variables. It cannot be NULL.
201 /// This is mainly done because functions to remove items from the environment
202 /// are not available across all platforms. In particular, Solaris does not
203 /// seem to have an unsetenv() function or a setenv() function (or they are
204 /// undocumented if they do exist).
206 static void RemoveEnv(const char * name, char ** const envp) {
207 for (unsigned index=0; envp[index] != NULL; index++) {
208 // Find the first equals sign in the array and make it an EOS character.
209 char *p = strchr (envp[index], '=');
215 // Compare the two strings. If they are equal, zap this string.
216 // Otherwise, restore it.
217 if (!strcmp(name, envp[index]))
226 /// GenerateBitcode - generates a bitcode file from the module provided
227 void GenerateBitcode(Module* M, const std::string& FileName) {
230 outs() << "Generating Bitcode To " << FileName << '\n';
232 // Create the output file.
233 std::string ErrorInfo;
234 raw_fd_ostream Out(FileName.c_str(), ErrorInfo,
235 raw_fd_ostream::F_Binary);
236 if (!ErrorInfo.empty())
237 PrintAndExit(ErrorInfo, M);
239 // Ensure that the bitcode file gets removed from the disk if we get a
240 // terminating signal.
241 sys::RemoveFileOnSignal(sys::Path(FileName));
244 WriteBitcodeToFile(M, Out);
247 /// GenerateAssembly - generates a native assembly language source file from the
248 /// specified bitcode file.
251 /// InputFilename - The name of the input bitcode file.
252 /// OutputFilename - The name of the file to generate.
253 /// llc - The pathname to use for LLC.
254 /// envp - The environment to use when running LLC.
256 /// Return non-zero value on error.
258 static int GenerateAssembly(const std::string &OutputFilename,
259 const std::string &InputFilename,
260 const sys::Path &llc,
261 std::string &ErrMsg ) {
262 // Run LLC to convert the bitcode file into assembly code.
263 std::vector<const char*> args;
264 args.push_back(llc.c_str());
265 // We will use GCC to assemble the program so set the assembly syntax to AT&T,
266 // regardless of what the target in the bitcode file is.
267 args.push_back("-x86-asm-syntax=att");
268 args.push_back("-f");
269 args.push_back("-o");
270 args.push_back(OutputFilename.c_str());
271 args.push_back(InputFilename.c_str());
275 outs() << "Generating Assembly With: \n";
279 return sys::Program::ExecuteAndWait(llc, &args[0], 0, 0, 0, 0, &ErrMsg);
282 /// GenerateCFile - generates a C source file from the specified bitcode file.
283 static int GenerateCFile(const std::string &OutputFile,
284 const std::string &InputFile,
285 const sys::Path &llc,
286 std::string& ErrMsg) {
287 // Run LLC to convert the bitcode file into C.
288 std::vector<const char*> args;
289 args.push_back(llc.c_str());
290 args.push_back("-march=c");
291 args.push_back("-f");
292 args.push_back("-o");
293 args.push_back(OutputFile.c_str());
294 args.push_back(InputFile.c_str());
298 outs() << "Generating C Source With: \n";
302 return sys::Program::ExecuteAndWait(llc, &args[0], 0, 0, 0, 0, &ErrMsg);
305 /// GenerateNative - generates a native object file from the
306 /// specified bitcode file.
309 /// InputFilename - The name of the input bitcode file.
310 /// OutputFilename - The name of the file to generate.
311 /// NativeLinkItems - The native libraries, files, code with which to link
312 /// LibPaths - The list of directories in which to find libraries.
313 /// FrameworksPaths - The list of directories in which to find frameworks.
314 /// Frameworks - The list of frameworks (dynamic libraries)
315 /// gcc - The pathname to use for GGC.
316 /// envp - A copy of the process's current environment.
321 /// Returns non-zero value on error.
323 static int GenerateNative(const std::string &OutputFilename,
324 const std::string &InputFilename,
325 const Linker::ItemList &LinkItems,
326 const sys::Path &gcc, char ** const envp,
327 std::string& ErrMsg) {
328 // Remove these environment variables from the environment of the
329 // programs that we will execute. It appears that GCC sets these
330 // environment variables so that the programs it uses can configure
331 // themselves identically.
333 // However, when we invoke GCC below, we want it to use its normal
334 // configuration. Hence, we must sanitize its environment.
335 char ** clean_env = CopyEnv(envp);
336 if (clean_env == NULL)
338 RemoveEnv("LIBRARY_PATH", clean_env);
339 RemoveEnv("COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS", clean_env);
340 RemoveEnv("GCC_EXEC_PREFIX", clean_env);
341 RemoveEnv("COMPILER_PATH", clean_env);
342 RemoveEnv("COLLECT_GCC", clean_env);
345 // Run GCC to assemble and link the program into native code.
348 // We can't just assemble and link the file with the system assembler
349 // and linker because we don't know where to put the _start symbol.
350 // GCC mysteriously knows how to do it.
351 std::vector<std::string> args;
352 args.push_back(gcc.c_str());
353 args.push_back("-fno-strict-aliasing");
354 args.push_back("-O3");
355 args.push_back("-o");
356 args.push_back(OutputFilename);
357 args.push_back(InputFilename);
359 // Add in the library and framework paths
360 for (unsigned index = 0; index < LibPaths.size(); index++) {
361 args.push_back("-L" + LibPaths[index]);
363 for (unsigned index = 0; index < FrameworkPaths.size(); index++) {
364 args.push_back("-F" + FrameworkPaths[index]);
367 // Add the requested options
368 for (unsigned index = 0; index < XLinker.size(); index++)
369 args.push_back(XLinker[index]);
371 // Add in the libraries to link.
372 for (unsigned index = 0; index < LinkItems.size(); index++)
373 if (LinkItems[index].first != "crtend") {
374 if (LinkItems[index].second)
375 args.push_back("-l" + LinkItems[index].first);
377 args.push_back(LinkItems[index].first);
380 // Add in frameworks to link.
381 for (unsigned index = 0; index < Frameworks.size(); index++) {
382 args.push_back("-framework");
383 args.push_back(Frameworks[index]);
386 // Now that "args" owns all the std::strings for the arguments, call the c_str
387 // method to get the underlying string array. We do this game so that the
388 // std::string array is guaranteed to outlive the const char* array.
389 std::vector<const char *> Args;
390 for (unsigned i = 0, e = args.size(); i != e; ++i)
391 Args.push_back(args[i].c_str());
395 outs() << "Generating Native Executable With:\n";
399 // Run the compiler to assembly and link together the program.
400 int R = sys::Program::ExecuteAndWait(
401 gcc, &Args[0], (const char**)clean_env, 0, 0, 0, &ErrMsg);
406 /// EmitShellScript - Output the wrapper file that invokes the JIT on the LLVM
407 /// bitcode file for the program.
408 static void EmitShellScript(char **argv, Module *M) {
410 outs() << "Emitting Shell Script\n";
411 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
412 // Windows doesn't support #!/bin/sh style shell scripts in .exe files. To
413 // support windows systems, we copy the llvm-stub.exe executable from the
414 // build tree to the destination file.
416 sys::Path llvmstub = FindExecutable("llvm-stub.exe", argv[0],
417 (void *)(intptr_t)&Optimize);
418 if (llvmstub.isEmpty())
419 PrintAndExit("Could not find llvm-stub.exe executable!", M);
421 if (0 != sys::CopyFile(sys::Path(OutputFilename), llvmstub, &ErrMsg))
422 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, M);
427 // Output the script to start the program...
428 std::string ErrorInfo;
429 raw_fd_ostream Out2(OutputFilename.c_str(), ErrorInfo);
430 if (!ErrorInfo.empty())
431 PrintAndExit(ErrorInfo, M);
433 Out2 << "#!/bin/sh\n";
434 // Allow user to setenv LLVMINTERP if lli is not in their PATH.
435 Out2 << "lli=${LLVMINTERP-lli}\n";
436 Out2 << "exec $lli \\\n";
437 // gcc accepts -l<lib> and implicitly searches /lib and /usr/lib.
438 LibPaths.push_back("/lib");
439 LibPaths.push_back("/usr/lib");
440 LibPaths.push_back("/usr/X11R6/lib");
441 // We don't need to link in libc! In fact, /usr/lib/libc.so may not be a
442 // shared object at all! See RH 8: plain text.
443 std::vector<std::string>::iterator libc =
444 std::find(Libraries.begin(), Libraries.end(), "c");
445 if (libc != Libraries.end()) Libraries.erase(libc);
446 // List all the shared object (native) libraries this executable will need
447 // on the command line, so that we don't have to do this manually!
448 for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator i = Libraries.begin(),
449 e = Libraries.end(); i != e; ++i) {
450 // try explicit -L arguments first:
451 sys::Path FullLibraryPath;
452 for (cl::list<std::string>::const_iterator P = LibPaths.begin(),
453 E = LibPaths.end(); P != E; ++P) {
454 FullLibraryPath = *P;
455 FullLibraryPath.appendComponent("lib" + *i);
456 FullLibraryPath.appendSuffix(&(LTDL_SHLIB_EXT[1]));
457 if (!FullLibraryPath.isEmpty()) {
458 if (!FullLibraryPath.isDynamicLibrary()) {
459 // Not a native shared library; mark as invalid
460 FullLibraryPath = sys::Path();
464 if (FullLibraryPath.isEmpty())
465 FullLibraryPath = sys::Path::FindLibrary(*i);
466 if (!FullLibraryPath.isEmpty())
467 Out2 << " -load=" << FullLibraryPath.str() << " \\\n";
469 Out2 << " " << BitcodeOutputFilename << " ${1+\"$@\"}\n";
472 // BuildLinkItems -- This function generates a LinkItemList for the LinkItems
473 // linker function by combining the Files and Libraries in the order they were
474 // declared on the command line.
475 static void BuildLinkItems(
476 Linker::ItemList& Items,
477 const cl::list<std::string>& Files,
478 const cl::list<std::string>& Libraries) {
480 // Build the list of linkage items for LinkItems.
482 cl::list<std::string>::const_iterator fileIt = Files.begin();
483 cl::list<std::string>::const_iterator libIt = Libraries.begin();
485 int libPos = -1, filePos = -1;
486 while ( libIt != Libraries.end() || fileIt != Files.end() ) {
487 if (libIt != Libraries.end())
488 libPos = Libraries.getPosition(libIt - Libraries.begin());
491 if (fileIt != Files.end())
492 filePos = Files.getPosition(fileIt - Files.begin());
496 if (filePos != -1 && (libPos == -1 || filePos < libPos)) {
498 Items.push_back(std::make_pair(*fileIt++, false));
499 } else if (libPos != -1 && (filePos == -1 || libPos < filePos)) {
501 Items.push_back(std::make_pair(*libIt++, true));
506 int main(int argc, char **argv, char **envp) {
507 // Print a stack trace if we signal out.
508 sys::PrintStackTraceOnErrorSignal();
509 PrettyStackTraceProgram X(argc, argv);
511 LLVMContext &Context = getGlobalContext();
512 llvm_shutdown_obj Y; // Call llvm_shutdown() on exit.
514 // Initial global variable above for convenience printing of program name.
515 progname = sys::Path(argv[0]).getBasename();
517 // Parse the command line options
518 cl::ParseCommandLineOptions(argc, argv, "llvm linker\n");
520 // Construct a Linker (now that Verbose is set)
521 Linker TheLinker(progname, OutputFilename, Context, Verbose);
523 // Keep track of the native link items (versus the bitcode items)
524 Linker::ItemList NativeLinkItems;
526 // Add library paths to the linker
527 TheLinker.addPaths(LibPaths);
528 TheLinker.addSystemPaths();
530 // Remove any consecutive duplicates of the same library...
531 Libraries.erase(std::unique(Libraries.begin(), Libraries.end()),
535 std::vector<sys::Path> Files;
536 for (unsigned i = 0; i < InputFilenames.size(); ++i )
537 Files.push_back(sys::Path(InputFilenames[i]));
538 if (TheLinker.LinkInFiles(Files))
539 return 1; // Error already printed
541 // The libraries aren't linked in but are noted as "dependent" in the
543 for (cl::list<std::string>::const_iterator I = Libraries.begin(),
544 E = Libraries.end(); I != E ; ++I) {
545 TheLinker.getModule()->addLibrary(*I);
548 // Build a list of the items from our command line
549 Linker::ItemList Items;
550 BuildLinkItems(Items, InputFilenames, Libraries);
552 // Link all the items together
553 if (TheLinker.LinkInItems(Items, NativeLinkItems) )
554 return 1; // Error already printed
557 std::auto_ptr<Module> Composite(TheLinker.releaseModule());
559 // Optimize the module
560 Optimize(Composite.get());
562 #if defined(_WIN32) || defined(__CYGWIN__)
563 if (!LinkAsLibrary) {
564 // Default to "a.exe" instead of "a.out".
565 if (OutputFilename.getNumOccurrences() == 0)
566 OutputFilename = "a.exe";
568 // If there is no suffix add an "exe" one.
569 sys::Path ExeFile( OutputFilename );
570 if (ExeFile.getSuffix() == "") {
571 ExeFile.appendSuffix("exe");
572 OutputFilename = ExeFile.str();
577 // Generate the bitcode for the optimized module.
578 // If -b wasn't specified, use the name specified
579 // with -o to construct BitcodeOutputFilename.
580 if (BitcodeOutputFilename.empty()) {
581 BitcodeOutputFilename = OutputFilename;
582 if (!LinkAsLibrary) BitcodeOutputFilename += ".bc";
585 GenerateBitcode(Composite.get(), BitcodeOutputFilename);
587 // If we are not linking a library, generate either a native executable
588 // or a JIT shell script, depending upon what the user wants.
589 if (!LinkAsLibrary) {
590 // If the user wants to run a post-link optimization, run it now.
591 if (!PostLinkOpts.empty()) {
592 std::vector<std::string> opts = PostLinkOpts;
593 for (std::vector<std::string>::iterator I = opts.begin(),
594 E = opts.end(); I != E; ++I) {
596 if (!prog.canExecute()) {
597 prog = sys::Program::FindProgramByName(*I);
599 PrintAndExit(std::string("Optimization program '") + *I +
600 "' is not found or not executable.", Composite.get());
602 // Get the program arguments
603 sys::Path tmp_output("opt_result");
605 if (tmp_output.createTemporaryFileOnDisk(true, &ErrMsg))
606 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
609 args[0] = I->c_str();
610 args[1] = BitcodeOutputFilename.c_str();
611 args[2] = tmp_output.c_str();
613 if (0 == sys::Program::ExecuteAndWait(prog, args, 0,0,0,0, &ErrMsg)) {
614 if (tmp_output.isBitcodeFile() || tmp_output.isBitcodeFile()) {
615 sys::Path target(BitcodeOutputFilename);
616 target.eraseFromDisk();
617 if (tmp_output.renamePathOnDisk(target, &ErrMsg))
618 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get(), 2);
620 PrintAndExit("Post-link optimization output is not bitcode",
623 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
628 // If the user wants to generate a native executable, compile it from the
631 // Otherwise, create a script that will run the bitcode through the JIT.
633 // Name of the Assembly Language output file
634 sys::Path AssemblyFile ( OutputFilename);
635 AssemblyFile.appendSuffix("s");
637 // Mark the output files for removal if we get an interrupt.
638 sys::RemoveFileOnSignal(AssemblyFile);
639 sys::RemoveFileOnSignal(sys::Path(OutputFilename));
641 // Determine the locations of the llc and gcc programs.
642 sys::Path llc = FindExecutable("llc", argv[0],
643 (void *)(intptr_t)&Optimize);
645 PrintAndExit("Failed to find llc", Composite.get());
647 sys::Path gcc = sys::Program::FindProgramByName("gcc");
649 PrintAndExit("Failed to find gcc", Composite.get());
651 // Generate an assembly language file for the bitcode.
653 if (0 != GenerateAssembly(AssemblyFile.str(), BitcodeOutputFilename,
655 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
657 if (0 != GenerateNative(OutputFilename, AssemblyFile.str(),
658 NativeLinkItems, gcc, envp, ErrMsg))
659 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
661 // Remove the assembly language file.
662 AssemblyFile.eraseFromDisk();
663 } else if (NativeCBE) {
664 sys::Path CFile (OutputFilename);
665 CFile.appendSuffix("cbe.c");
667 // Mark the output files for removal if we get an interrupt.
668 sys::RemoveFileOnSignal(CFile);
669 sys::RemoveFileOnSignal(sys::Path(OutputFilename));
671 // Determine the locations of the llc and gcc programs.
672 sys::Path llc = FindExecutable("llc", argv[0],
673 (void *)(intptr_t)&Optimize);
675 PrintAndExit("Failed to find llc", Composite.get());
677 sys::Path gcc = sys::Program::FindProgramByName("gcc");
679 PrintAndExit("Failed to find gcc", Composite.get());
681 // Generate an assembly language file for the bitcode.
683 if (GenerateCFile(CFile.str(), BitcodeOutputFilename, llc, ErrMsg))
684 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
686 if (GenerateNative(OutputFilename, CFile.str(),
687 NativeLinkItems, gcc, envp, ErrMsg))
688 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
690 // Remove the assembly language file.
691 CFile.eraseFromDisk();
694 EmitShellScript(argv, Composite.get());
697 // Make the script executable...
699 if (sys::Path(OutputFilename).makeExecutableOnDisk(&ErrMsg))
700 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
702 // Make the bitcode file readable and directly executable in LLEE as well
703 if (sys::Path(BitcodeOutputFilename).makeExecutableOnDisk(&ErrMsg))
704 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());
706 if (sys::Path(BitcodeOutputFilename).makeReadableOnDisk(&ErrMsg))
707 PrintAndExit(ErrMsg, Composite.get());