1 Say you've got a big slow raid 6, and an X-25E or three. Wouldn't it be
2 nice if you could use them as cache... Hence bcache.
4 Wiki and git repositories are at:
5 http://bcache.evilpiepirate.org
6 http://evilpiepirate.org/git/linux-bcache.git
7 http://evilpiepirate.org/git/bcache-tools.git
9 It's designed around the performance characteristics of SSDs - it only allocates
10 in erase block sized buckets, and it uses a hybrid btree/log to track cached
11 extants (which can be anywhere from a single sector to the bucket size). It's
12 designed to avoid random writes at all costs; it fills up an erase block
13 sequentially, then issues a discard before reusing it.
15 Both writethrough and writeback caching are supported. Writeback defaults to
16 off, but can be switched on and off arbitrarily at runtime. Bcache goes to
17 great lengths to protect your data - it reliably handles unclean shutdown. (It
18 doesn't even have a notion of a clean shutdown; bcache simply doesn't return
19 writes as completed until they're on stable storage).
21 Writeback caching can use most of the cache for buffering writes - writing
22 dirty data to the backing device is always done sequentially, scanning from the
23 start to the end of the index.
25 Since random IO is what SSDs excel at, there generally won't be much benefit
26 to caching large sequential IO. Bcache detects sequential IO and skips it;
27 it also keeps a rolling average of the IO sizes per task, and as long as the
28 average is above the cutoff it will skip all IO from that task - instead of
29 caching the first 512k after every seek. Backups and large file copies should
30 thus entirely bypass the cache.
32 In the event of a data IO error on the flash it will try to recover by reading
33 from disk or invalidating cache entries. For unrecoverable errors (meta data
34 or dirty data), caching is automatically disabled; if dirty data was present
35 in the cache it first disables writeback caching and waits for all dirty data
39 You'll need make-bcache from the bcache-tools repository. Both the cache device
40 and backing device must be formatted before use.
41 make-bcache -B /dev/sdb
42 make-bcache -C /dev/sdc
44 make-bcache has the ability to format multiple devices at the same time - if
45 you format your backing devices and cache device at the same time, you won't
46 have to manually attach:
47 make-bcache -B /dev/sda /dev/sdb -C /dev/sdc
49 To make bcache devices known to the kernel, echo them to /sys/fs/bcache/register:
51 echo /dev/sdb > /sys/fs/bcache/register
52 echo /dev/sdc > /sys/fs/bcache/register
54 To register your bcache devices automatically, you could add something like
55 this to an init script:
57 echo /dev/sd* > /sys/fs/bcache/register_quiet
59 It'll look for bcache superblocks and ignore everything that doesn't have one.
61 Registering the backing device makes the bcache show up in /dev; you can now
62 format it and use it as normal. But the first time using a new bcache device,
63 it'll be running in passthrough mode until you attach it to a cache. See the
66 The devices show up at /dev/bcacheN, and can be controlled via sysfs from
67 /sys/block/bcacheN/bcache:
69 mkfs.ext4 /dev/bcache0
70 mount /dev/bcache0 /mnt
72 Cache devices are managed as sets; multiple caches per set isn't supported yet
73 but will allow for mirroring of metadata and dirty data in the future. Your new
74 cache set shows up as /sys/fs/bcache/<UUID>
78 After your cache device and backing device are registered, the backing device
79 must be attached to your cache set to enable caching. Attaching a backing
80 device to a cache set is done thusly, with the UUID of the cache set in
83 echo <UUID> > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/attach
85 This only has to be done once. The next time you reboot, just reregister all
86 your bcache devices. If a backing device has data in a cache somewhere, the
87 /dev/bcache# device won't be created until the cache shows up - particularly
88 important if you have writeback caching turned on.
90 If you're booting up and your cache device is gone and never coming back, you
91 can force run the backing device:
93 echo 1 > /sys/block/sdb/bcache/running
95 (You need to use /sys/block/sdb (or whatever your backing device is called), not
96 /sys/block/bcache0, because bcache0 doesn't exist yet. If you're using a
97 partition, the bcache directory would be at /sys/block/sdb/sdb2/bcache)
99 The backing device will still use that cache set if it shows up in the future,
100 but all the cached data will be invalidated. If there was dirty data in the
101 cache, don't expect the filesystem to be recoverable - you will have massive
102 filesystem corruption, though ext4's fsck does work miracles.
106 Bcache tries to transparently handle IO errors to/from the cache device without
107 affecting normal operation; if it sees too many errors (the threshold is
108 configurable, and defaults to 0) it shuts down the cache device and switches all
109 the backing devices to passthrough mode.
111 - For reads from the cache, if they error we just retry the read from the
114 - For writethrough writes, if the write to the cache errors we just switch to
115 invalidating the data at that lba in the cache (i.e. the same thing we do for
116 a write that bypasses the cache)
118 - For writeback writes, we currently pass that error back up to the
119 filesystem/userspace. This could be improved - we could retry it as a write
120 that skips the cache so we don't have to error the write.
122 - When we detach, we first try to flush any dirty data (if we were running in
123 writeback mode). It currently doesn't do anything intelligent if it fails to
124 read some of the dirty data, though.
126 TROUBLESHOOTING PERFORMANCE:
128 Bcache has a bunch of config options and tunables. The defaults are intended to
129 be reasonable for typical desktop and server workloads, but they're not what you
130 want for getting the best possible numbers when benchmarking.
132 - Bad write performance
134 If write performance is not what you expected, you probably wanted to be
135 running in writeback mode, which isn't the default (not due to a lack of
136 maturity, but simply because in writeback mode you'll lose data if something
139 # echo writeback > /sys/block/bcache0/cache_mode
141 - Bad performance, or traffic not going to the SSD that you'd expect
143 By default, bcache doesn't cache everything. It tries to skip sequential IO -
144 because you really want to be caching the random IO, and if you copy a 10
145 gigabyte file you probably don't want that pushing 10 gigabytes of randomly
146 accessed data out of your cache.
148 But if you want to benchmark reads from cache, and you start out with fio
149 writing an 8 gigabyte test file - so you want to disable that.
151 # echo 0 > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/sequential_cutoff
153 To set it back to the default (4 mb), do
155 # echo 4M > /sys/block/bcache0/bcache/sequential_cutoff
157 - Traffic's still going to the spindle/still getting cache misses
159 In the real world, SSDs don't always keep up with disks - particularly with
160 slower SSDs, many disks being cached by one SSD, or mostly sequential IO. So
161 you want to avoid being bottlenecked by the SSD and having it slow everything
164 To avoid that bcache tracks latency to the cache device, and gradually
165 throttles traffic if the latency exceeds a threshold (it does this by
166 cranking down the sequential bypass).
168 You can disable this if you need to by setting the thresholds to 0:
170 # echo 0 > /sys/fs/bcache/<cache set>/congested_read_threshold_us
171 # echo 0 > /sys/fs/bcache/<cache set>/congested_write_threshold_us
173 The default is 2000 us (2 milliseconds) for reads, and 20000 for writes.
175 - Still getting cache misses, of the same data
177 One last issue that sometimes trips people up is actually an old bug, due to
178 the way cache coherency is handled for cache misses. If a btree node is full,
179 a cache miss won't be able to insert a key for the new data and the data
180 won't be written to the cache.
182 In practice this isn't an issue because as soon as a write comes along it'll
183 cause the btree node to be split, and you need almost no write traffic for
184 this to not show up enough to be noticable (especially since bcache's btree
185 nodes are huge and index large regions of the device). But when you're
186 benchmarking, if you're trying to warm the cache by reading a bunch of data
187 and there's no other traffic - that can be a problem.
189 Solution: warm the cache by doing writes, or use the testing branch (there's
190 a fix for the issue there).
192 SYSFS - BACKING DEVICE:
195 Echo the UUID of a cache set to this file to enable caching.
198 Can be one of either writethrough, writeback, writearound or none.
201 Writing to this file resets the running total stats (not the day/hour/5 minute
205 Write to this file to detach from a cache set. If there is dirty data in the
206 cache, it will be flushed first.
209 Amount of dirty data for this backing device in the cache. Continuously
210 updated unlike the cache set's version, but may be slightly off.
213 Name of underlying device.
216 Size of readahead that should be performed. Defaults to 0. If set to e.g.
217 1M, it will round cache miss reads up to that size, but without overlapping
218 existing cache entries.
221 1 if bcache is running (i.e. whether the /dev/bcache device exists, whether
222 it's in passthrough mode or caching).
225 A sequential IO will bypass the cache once it passes this threshhold; the
226 most recent 128 IOs are tracked so sequential IO can be detected even when
227 it isn't all done at once.
230 If non zero, bcache keeps a list of the last 128 requests submitted to compare
231 against all new requests to determine which new requests are sequential
232 continuations of previous requests for the purpose of determining sequential
233 cutoff. This is necessary if the sequential cutoff value is greater than the
234 maximum acceptable sequential size for any single request.
237 The backing device can be in one of four different states:
239 no cache: Has never been attached to a cache set.
241 clean: Part of a cache set, and there is no cached dirty data.
243 dirty: Part of a cache set, and there is cached dirty data.
245 inconsistent: The backing device was forcibly run by the user when there was
246 dirty data cached but the cache set was unavailable; whatever data was on the
247 backing device has likely been corrupted.
250 Write to this file to shut down the bcache device and close the backing
254 When dirty data is written to the cache and it previously did not contain
255 any, waits some number of seconds before initiating writeback. Defaults to
259 If nonzero, bcache tries to keep around this percentage of the cache dirty by
260 throttling background writeback and using a PD controller to smoothly adjust
264 Rate in sectors per second - if writeback_percent is nonzero, background
265 writeback is throttled to this rate. Continuously adjusted by bcache but may
266 also be set by the user.
269 If off, writeback of dirty data will not take place at all. Dirty data will
270 still be added to the cache until it is mostly full; only meant for
271 benchmarking. Defaults to on.
273 SYSFS - BACKING DEVICE STATS:
275 There are directories with these numbers for a running total, as well as
276 versions that decay over the past day, hour and 5 minutes; they're also
277 aggregated in the cache set directory as well.
280 Amount of IO (both reads and writes) that has bypassed the cache
285 Hits and misses are counted per individual IO as bcache sees them; a
286 partial hit is counted as a miss.
290 Hits and misses for IO that is intended to skip the cache are still counted,
293 cache_miss_collisions
294 Counts instances where data was going to be inserted into the cache from a
295 cache miss, but raced with a write and data was already present (usually 0
296 since the synchronization for cache misses was rewritten)
299 Count of times readahead occured.
304 Average data per key in the btree.
307 Symlink to each of the attached backing devices.
310 Block size of the cache devices.
313 Amount of memory currently used by the btree cache
319 Symlink to each of the cache devices comprising this cache set.
321 cache_available_percent
322 Percentage of cache device which doesn't contain dirty data, and could
323 potentially be used for writeback. This doesn't mean this space isn't used
324 for clean cached data; the unused statistic (in priority_stats) is typically
328 Clears the statistics associated with this cache
331 Amount of dirty data is in the cache (updated when garbage collection runs).
334 Echoing a size to this file (in human readable units, k/M/G) creates a thinly
335 provisioned volume backed by the cache set.
339 These determines how many errors we accept before disabling the cache.
340 Each error is decayed by the half life (in # ios). If the decaying count
341 reaches io_error_limit dirty data is written out and the cache is disabled.
344 Journal writes will delay for up to this many milliseconds, unless a cache
345 flush happens sooner. Defaults to 100.
348 Percentage of the root btree node in use. If this gets too high the node
349 will split, increasing the tree depth.
352 Write to this file to shut down the cache set - waits until all attached
353 backing devices have been shut down.
356 Depth of the btree (A single node btree has depth 0).
359 Detaches all backing devices and closes the cache devices; if dirty data is
360 present it will disable writeback caching and wait for it to be flushed.
362 SYSFS - CACHE SET INTERNAL:
364 This directory also exposes timings for a number of internal operations, with
365 separate files for average duration, average frequency, last occurence and max
366 duration: garbage collection, btree read, btree node sorts and btree splits.
368 active_journal_entries
369 Number of journal entries that are newer than the index.
372 Total nodes in the btree.
375 Average fraction of btree in use.
378 Statistics about the auxiliary search trees
380 btree_cache_max_chain
381 Longest chain in the btree node cache's hash table
384 Counts instances where while data was being read from the cache, the bucket
385 was reused and invalidated - i.e. where the pointer was stale after the read
386 completed. When this occurs the data is reread from the backing device.
389 Writing to this file forces garbage collection to run.
391 SYSFS - CACHE DEVICE:
394 Minimum granularity of writes - should match hardware sector size.
397 Sum of all btree writes, in (kilo/mega/giga) bytes
402 cache_replacement_policy
403 One of either lru, fifo or random.
406 Boolean; if on a discard/TRIM will be issued to each bucket before it is
407 reused. Defaults to off, since SATA TRIM is an unqueued command (and thus
411 Size of the freelist as a percentage of nbuckets. Can be written to to
412 increase the number of buckets kept on the freelist, which lets you
413 artificially reduce the size of the cache at runtime. Mostly for testing
414 purposes (i.e. testing how different size caches affect your hit rate), but
415 since buckets are discarded when they move on to the freelist will also make
416 the SSD's garbage collection easier by effectively giving it more reserved
420 Number of errors that have occured, decayed by io_error_halflife.
423 Sum of all non data writes (btree writes and all other metadata).
426 Total buckets in this cache
429 Statistics about how recently data in the cache has been accessed.
430 This can reveal your working set size. Unused is the percentage of
431 the cache that doesn't contain any data. Metadata is bcache's
432 metadata overhead. Average is the average priority of cache buckets.
433 Next is a list of quantiles with the priority threshold of each.
436 Sum of all data that has been written to the cache; comparison with
437 btree_written gives the amount of write inflation in bcache.