1 package edu.uci.iotproject.detection.layer3;
3 import edu.uci.iotproject.analysis.TriggerTrafficExtractor;
4 import edu.uci.iotproject.analysis.UserAction;
5 import edu.uci.iotproject.detection.AbstractClusterMatcher;
6 import edu.uci.iotproject.detection.ClusterMatcherObserver;
7 import edu.uci.iotproject.io.PcapHandleReader;
8 import edu.uci.iotproject.io.PrintWriterUtils;
9 import edu.uci.iotproject.util.PcapPacketUtils;
10 import edu.uci.iotproject.util.PrintUtils;
11 import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.AbstractRealDistribution;
12 import org.apache.commons.math3.distribution.NormalDistribution;
13 import org.jgrapht.GraphPath;
14 import org.jgrapht.alg.shortestpath.DijkstraShortestPath;
15 import org.jgrapht.graph.DefaultWeightedEdge;
16 import org.jgrapht.graph.SimpleDirectedWeightedGraph;
17 import org.pcap4j.core.*;
20 import java.io.FileWriter;
21 import java.io.IOException;
22 import java.io.PrintWriter;
23 import java.time.Duration;
24 import java.time.ZoneId;
25 import java.time.format.DateTimeFormatter;
26 import java.time.format.FormatStyle;
28 import java.util.function.Consumer;
31 * Detects an event signature that spans one or multiple TCP connections.
33 * @author Janus Varmarken {@literal <jvarmark@uci.edu>}
34 * @author Rahmadi Trimananda {@literal <rtrimana@uci.edu>}
36 public class Layer3SignatureDetector implements PacketListener, ClusterMatcherObserver {
39 * If set to {@code true}, output written to the results file is also dumped to standard out.
41 private static boolean DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT = true;
46 private static String ROUTER_WAN_IP = "128.195.205.105";
48 public static void main(String[] args) throws PcapNativeException, NotOpenException, IOException {
49 if (args.length < 8) {
50 String errMsg = String.format("SPECTO version 1.0\n" +
51 "Copyright (C) 2018-2019 Janus Varmarken and Rahmadi Trimananda.\n" +
52 "University of California, Irvine.\n" +
53 "All rights reserved.\n\n" +
54 "Usage: %s inputPcapFile onAnalysisFile offAnalysisFile onSignatureFile offSignatureFile resultsFile" +
55 "\n inputPcapFile: the target of the detection" +
56 "\n onAnalysisFile: the file that contains the ON clusters analysis" +
57 "\n offAnalysisFile: the file that contains the OFF clusters analysis" +
58 "\n onSignatureFile: the file that contains the ON signature to search for" +
59 "\n offSignatureFile: the file that contains the OFF signature to search for" +
60 "\n resultsFile: where to write the results of the detection" +
61 "\n signatureDuration: the maximum duration of signature detection" +
62 "\n epsilon: the epsilon value for the DBSCAN algorithm",
63 Layer3SignatureDetector.class.getSimpleName());
64 System.out.println(errMsg);
67 final String pcapFile = args[0];
68 final String onClusterAnalysisFile = args[1];
69 final String offClusterAnalysisFile = args[2];
70 final String onSignatureFile = args[3];
71 final String offSignatureFile = args[4];
72 final String resultsFile = args[5];
73 // TODO: THIS IS TEMPORARILY SET TO DEFAULT SIGNATURE DURATION
74 // TODO: WE DO NOT WANT TO BE TOO STRICT AT THIS POINT SINCE LAYER 3 ALREADY APPLIES BACK-TO-BACK REQUIREMENT
75 // TODO: FOR PACKETS IN A SIGNATURE
76 // final int signatureDuration = Integer.parseInt(args[6]);
77 final int signatureDuration = TriggerTrafficExtractor.INCLUSION_WINDOW_MILLIS;
78 final double eps = Double.parseDouble(args[7]);
80 // Prepare file outputter.
81 File outputFile = new File(resultsFile);
82 outputFile.getParentFile().mkdirs();
83 final PrintWriter resultsWriter = new PrintWriter(new FileWriter(outputFile));
84 // Include metadata as comments at the top
85 PrintWriterUtils.println("# Detection results for:", resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
86 PrintWriterUtils.println("# - inputPcapFile: " + pcapFile, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
87 PrintWriterUtils.println("# - onAnalysisFile: " + onClusterAnalysisFile, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
88 PrintWriterUtils.println("# - offAnalysisFile: " + offClusterAnalysisFile, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
89 PrintWriterUtils.println("# - onSignatureFile: " + onSignatureFile, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
90 PrintWriterUtils.println("# - offSignatureFile: " + offSignatureFile, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
91 resultsWriter.flush();
94 List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> onSignature = PrintUtils.deserializeFromFile(onSignatureFile);
95 List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> offSignature = PrintUtils.deserializeFromFile(offSignatureFile);
96 // Load signature analyses
97 List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> onClusterAnalysis = PrintUtils.deserializeFromFile(onClusterAnalysisFile);
98 List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> offClusterAnalysis = PrintUtils.deserializeFromFile(offClusterAnalysisFile);
100 // TODO: FOR NOW WE DECIDE PER SIGNATURE AND THEN WE OR THE BOOLEANS
101 // TODO: SINCE WE ONLY HAVE 2 SIGNATURES FOR NOW (ON AND OFF), THEN IT IS USUALLY EITHER RANGE-BASED OR
102 // TODO: STRICT MATCHING
103 // Check if we should use range-based matching
104 boolean isRangeBasedForOn = PcapPacketUtils.isRangeBasedMatching(onSignature, eps, offSignature);
105 boolean isRangeBasedForOff = PcapPacketUtils.isRangeBasedMatching(offSignature, eps, onSignature);
106 // Update the signature with ranges if it is range-based
107 if (isRangeBasedForOn) {
108 onSignature = PcapPacketUtils.useRangeBasedMatching(onSignature, onClusterAnalysis);
110 if (isRangeBasedForOff) {
111 offSignature = PcapPacketUtils.useRangeBasedMatching(offSignature, offClusterAnalysis);
114 Layer3SignatureDetector onDetector = new Layer3SignatureDetector(onSignature, ROUTER_WAN_IP,
115 signatureDuration, isRangeBasedForOn, eps);
116 Layer3SignatureDetector offDetector = new Layer3SignatureDetector(offSignature, ROUTER_WAN_IP,
117 signatureDuration, isRangeBasedForOff, eps);
119 final DateTimeFormatter dateTimeFormatter = DateTimeFormatter.ofLocalizedDateTime(FormatStyle.MEDIUM).
120 withLocale(Locale.US).withZone(ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles"));
122 // Outputs information about a detected event to std.out
123 final Consumer<UserAction> outputter = ua -> {
124 String eventDescription;
125 switch (ua.getType()) {
127 eventDescription = "ON";
130 eventDescription = "OFF";
133 throw new AssertionError("unhandled event type");
135 // TODO: Uncomment the following if we want the old style print-out messages
136 // String output = String.format("%s",
137 // dateTimeFormatter.format(ua.getTimestamp()));
138 // System.out.println(output);
139 PrintWriterUtils.println(ua, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
142 // Let's create observers that construct a UserAction representing the detected event.
143 final List<UserAction> detectedEvents = new ArrayList<>();
144 onDetector.addObserver((searched, match) -> {
145 PcapPacket firstPkt = match.get(0).get(0);
146 UserAction event = new UserAction(UserAction.Type.TOGGLE_ON, firstPkt.getTimestamp());
147 detectedEvents.add(event);
149 offDetector.addObserver((searched, match) -> {
150 PcapPacket firstPkt = match.get(0).get(0);
151 UserAction event = new UserAction(UserAction.Type.TOGGLE_OFF, firstPkt.getTimestamp());
152 //PrintWriterUtils.println(event, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
153 detectedEvents.add(event);
158 handle = Pcaps.openOffline(pcapFile, PcapHandle.TimestampPrecision.NANO);
159 } catch (PcapNativeException pne) {
160 handle = Pcaps.openOffline(pcapFile);
162 PcapHandleReader reader = new PcapHandleReader(handle, p -> true, onDetector, offDetector);
163 reader.readFromHandle();
165 // TODO: need a better way of triggering detection than this...
166 if (isRangeBasedForOn) {
167 onDetector.mClusterMatchers.forEach(cm -> cm.performDetectionRangeBased());
169 onDetector.mClusterMatchers.forEach(cm -> cm.performDetectionConservative());
171 if (isRangeBasedForOff) {
172 offDetector.mClusterMatchers.forEach(cm -> cm.performDetectionRangeBased());
174 offDetector.mClusterMatchers.forEach(cm -> cm.performDetectionConservative());
177 // Sort the list of detected events by timestamp to make it easier to compare it line-by-line with the trigger
179 Collections.sort(detectedEvents, Comparator.comparing(UserAction::getTimestamp));
181 // Output the detected events
182 detectedEvents.forEach(outputter);
184 String resultOn = "# Number of detected events of type " + UserAction.Type.TOGGLE_ON + ": " +
185 detectedEvents.stream().filter(ua -> ua.getType() == UserAction.Type.TOGGLE_ON).count();
186 String resultOff = "# Number of detected events of type " + UserAction.Type.TOGGLE_OFF + ": " +
187 detectedEvents.stream().filter(ua -> ua.getType() == UserAction.Type.TOGGLE_OFF).count();
188 PrintWriterUtils.println(resultOn, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
189 PrintWriterUtils.println(resultOff, resultsWriter, DUPLICATE_OUTPUT_TO_STD_OUT);
191 // Flush output to results file and close it.
192 resultsWriter.flush();
193 resultsWriter.close();
194 // TODO: Temporary clean up until we clean the pipeline
195 // List<UserAction> cleanedDetectedEvents = SignatureDetector.removeDuplicates(detectedEvents);
196 // cleanedDetectedEvents.forEach(outputter);
200 * The signature that this {@link Layer3SignatureDetector} is searching for.
202 private final List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> mSignature;
205 * The {@link Layer3ClusterMatcher}s in charge of detecting each individual sequence of packets that together make up the
208 private final List<Layer3ClusterMatcher> mClusterMatchers;
211 * For each {@code i} ({@code i >= 0 && i < pendingMatches.length}), {@code pendingMatches[i]} holds the matches
212 * found by the {@link Layer3ClusterMatcher} at {@code mClusterMatchers.get(i)} that have yet to be "consumed", i.e.,
213 * have yet to be included in a signature detected by this {@link Layer3SignatureDetector} (a signature can be encompassed
214 * of multiple packet sequences occurring shortly after one another on multiple connections).
216 private final List<List<PcapPacket>>[] pendingMatches;
219 * Maps a {@link Layer3ClusterMatcher} to its corresponding index in {@link #pendingMatches}.
221 private final Map<Layer3ClusterMatcher, Integer> mClusterMatcherIds;
223 private final List<SignatureDetectionObserver> mObservers = new ArrayList<>();
225 private int mInclusionTimeMillis;
228 * Remove duplicates in {@code List} of {@code UserAction} objects. We need to clean this up for user actions
229 * that appear multiple times.
230 * TODO: This static method is probably just for temporary and we could get rid of this after we clean up
233 * @param listUserAction A {@link List} of {@code UserAction}.
236 public static List<UserAction> removeDuplicates(List<UserAction> listUserAction) {
238 // Iterate and check for duplicates (check timestamps)
239 Set<Long> epochSecondSet = new HashSet<>();
240 // Create a target list for cleaned up list
241 List<UserAction> listUserActionClean = new ArrayList<>();
242 for(UserAction userAction : listUserAction) {
243 // Don't insert if any duplicate is found
244 if(!epochSecondSet.contains(userAction.getTimestamp().getEpochSecond())) {
245 listUserActionClean.add(userAction);
246 epochSecondSet.add(userAction.getTimestamp().getEpochSecond());
249 return listUserActionClean;
252 public Layer3SignatureDetector(List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> searchedSignature, String routerWanIp,
253 int inclusionTimeMillis, boolean isRangeBased, double eps) {
254 // note: doesn't protect inner lists from changes :'(
255 mSignature = Collections.unmodifiableList(searchedSignature);
256 // Generate corresponding/appropriate ClusterMatchers based on the provided signature
257 List<Layer3ClusterMatcher> clusterMatchers = new ArrayList<>();
258 for (List<List<PcapPacket>> cluster : mSignature) {
259 clusterMatchers.add(new Layer3ClusterMatcher(cluster, routerWanIp, inclusionTimeMillis,
260 isRangeBased, eps, this));
262 mClusterMatchers = Collections.unmodifiableList(clusterMatchers);
265 pendingMatches = new List[mClusterMatchers.size()];
266 for (int i = 0; i < pendingMatches.length; i++) {
267 pendingMatches[i] = new ArrayList<>();
269 Map<Layer3ClusterMatcher, Integer> clusterMatcherIds = new HashMap<>();
270 for (int i = 0; i < mClusterMatchers.size(); i++) {
271 clusterMatcherIds.put(mClusterMatchers.get(i), i);
273 mClusterMatcherIds = Collections.unmodifiableMap(clusterMatcherIds);
274 mInclusionTimeMillis =
275 inclusionTimeMillis == 0 ? TriggerTrafficExtractor.INCLUSION_WINDOW_MILLIS : inclusionTimeMillis;
278 public void addObserver(SignatureDetectionObserver observer) {
279 mObservers.add(observer);
282 public boolean removeObserver(SignatureDetectionObserver observer) {
283 return mObservers.remove(observer);
287 public void gotPacket(PcapPacket packet) {
288 // simply delegate packet reception to all ClusterMatchers.
289 mClusterMatchers.forEach(cm -> cm.gotPacket(packet));
293 public void onMatch(AbstractClusterMatcher clusterMatcher, List<PcapPacket> match) {
294 // Add the match at the corresponding index
295 pendingMatches[mClusterMatcherIds.get(clusterMatcher)].add(match);
296 checkSignatureMatch();
299 private void checkSignatureMatch() {
300 // << Graph-based approach using Balint's idea. >>
301 // This implementation assumes that the packets in the inner lists (the sequences) are ordered by asc timestamp.
303 // There cannot be a signature match until each Layer3ClusterMatcher has found a match of its respective sequence.
304 if (Arrays.stream(pendingMatches).noneMatch(l -> l.isEmpty())) {
306 final SimpleDirectedWeightedGraph<Vertex, DefaultWeightedEdge> graph =
307 new SimpleDirectedWeightedGraph<>(DefaultWeightedEdge.class);
308 // Add a vertex for each match found by all ClusterMatchers
309 // And maintain an array to keep track of what cluster matcher each vertex corresponds to
310 final List<Vertex>[] vertices = new List[pendingMatches.length];
311 for (int i = 0; i < pendingMatches.length; i++) {
312 vertices[i] = new ArrayList<>();
313 for (List<PcapPacket> sequence : pendingMatches[i]) {
314 Vertex v = new Vertex(sequence);
315 vertices[i].add(v); // retain reference for later when we are to add edges
316 graph.addVertex(v); // add to vertex to graph
319 // Add dummy source and sink vertices to facilitate search.
320 final Vertex source = new Vertex(null);
321 final Vertex sink = new Vertex(null);
322 graph.addVertex(source);
323 graph.addVertex(sink);
324 // The source is connected to all vertices that wrap the sequences detected by Layer3ClusterMatcher at index 0.
325 // Note: zero cost edges as this is just a dummy link to facilitate search from a common start node.
326 for (Vertex v : vertices[0]) {
327 DefaultWeightedEdge edge = graph.addEdge(source, v);
328 graph.setEdgeWeight(edge, 0.0);
330 // Similarly, all vertices that wrap the sequences detected by the last Layer3ClusterMatcher of the signature
331 // are connected to the sink node.
332 for (Vertex v : vertices[vertices.length-1]) {
333 DefaultWeightedEdge edge = graph.addEdge(v, sink);
334 graph.setEdgeWeight(edge, 0.0);
336 // Now link sequences detected by Layer3ClusterMatcher at index i to sequences detected by Layer3ClusterMatcher at index
337 // i+1 if they obey the timestamp constraint (i.e., that the latter is later in time than the former).
338 for (int i = 0; i < vertices.length; i++) {
340 if (j < vertices.length) {
341 for (Vertex iv : vertices[i]) {
342 PcapPacket ivLast = iv.sequence.get(iv.sequence.size()-1);
343 for (Vertex jv : vertices[j]) {
344 PcapPacket jvFirst = jv.sequence.get(jv.sequence.size()-1);
345 if (ivLast.getTimestamp().isBefore(jvFirst.getTimestamp())) {
346 DefaultWeightedEdge edge = graph.addEdge(iv, jv);
347 // The weight is the duration of the i'th sequence plus the duration between the i'th
348 // and i+1'th sequence.
349 Duration d = Duration.
350 between(iv.sequence.get(0).getTimestamp(), jvFirst.getTimestamp());
351 // Unfortunately weights are double values, so must convert from long to double.
352 // TODO: need nano second precision? If so, use d.toNanos().
353 // TODO: risk of overflow when converting from long to double..?
354 graph.setEdgeWeight(edge, Long.valueOf(d.toMillis()).doubleValue());
356 // Alternative version if we cannot assume that sequences are ordered by timestamp:
357 // if (iv.sequence.stream().max(Comparator.comparing(PcapPacket::getTimestamp)).get()
358 // .getTimestamp().isBefore(jv.sequence.stream().min(
359 // Comparator.comparing(PcapPacket::getTimestamp)).get().getTimestamp())) {
366 // Graph construction complete, run shortest-path to find a (potential) signature match.
367 DijkstraShortestPath<Vertex, DefaultWeightedEdge> dijkstra = new DijkstraShortestPath<>(graph);
368 GraphPath<Vertex, DefaultWeightedEdge> shortestPath = dijkstra.getPath(source, sink);
369 if (shortestPath != null) {
370 // The total weight is the duration between the first packet of the first sequence and the last packet
371 // of the last sequence, so we simply have to compare the weight against the timeframe that we allow
372 // the signature to span. For now we just use the inclusion window we defined for training purposes.
373 // Note however, that we must convert back from double to long as the weight is stored as a double in
375 if (((long)shortestPath.getWeight()) < mInclusionTimeMillis) {
376 // There's a signature match!
377 // Extract the match from the vertices
378 List<List<PcapPacket>> signatureMatch = new ArrayList<>();
379 for(Vertex v : shortestPath.getVertexList()) {
380 if (v == source || v == sink) {
381 // Skip the dummy source and sink nodes.
384 signatureMatch.add(v.sequence);
385 // As there is a one-to-one correspondence between vertices[] and pendingMatches[], we know that
386 // the sequence we've "consumed" for index i of the matched signature is also at index i in
387 // pendingMatches. We must remove it from pendingMatches so that we don't use it to construct
388 // another signature match in a later call.
389 pendingMatches[signatureMatch.size()-1].remove(v.sequence);
391 // Declare success: notify observers
392 mObservers.forEach(obs -> obs.onSignatureDetected(mSignature,
393 Collections.unmodifiableList(signatureMatch)));
400 * Used for registering for notifications of signatures detected by a {@link Layer3SignatureDetector}.
402 interface SignatureDetectionObserver {
405 * Invoked when the {@link Layer3SignatureDetector} detects the presence of a signature in the traffic that it's
407 * @param searchedSignature The signature that the {@link Layer3SignatureDetector} reporting the match is searching
409 * @param matchingTraffic The actual traffic trace that matches the searched signature.
411 void onSignatureDetected(List<List<List<PcapPacket>>> searchedSignature,
412 List<List<PcapPacket>> matchingTraffic);
416 * Encapsulates a {@code List<PcapPacket>} so as to allow the list to be used as a vertex in a graph while avoiding
417 * the expensive {@link AbstractList#equals(Object)} calls when adding vertices to the graph.
418 * Using this wrapper makes the incurred {@code equals(Object)} calls delegate to {@link Object#equals(Object)}
419 * instead of {@link AbstractList#equals(Object)}. The net effect is a faster implementation, but the graph will not
420 * recognize two lists that contain the same items--from a value and not reference point of view--as the same
421 * vertex. However, this is fine for our purposes -- in fact restricting it to reference equality seems more
424 private static class Vertex {
425 private final List<PcapPacket> sequence;
426 private Vertex(List<PcapPacket> wrappedSequence) {
427 sequence = wrappedSequence;